Figure 6.

Calculated joint forces of the upper limbs. Each row shows the joint force of the left wrist (A–D), right wrist (E–H), left elbow (I–L), right elbow (M–P), left shoulder (Q–T), and right shoulder (U–X), respectively. Each column shows the x, y, and z values and the magnitude of joint force at the local coordinate of the proximal segment. The forces act on the distal segment of each joint and are averages of the driver swing data on all subjects. The two thin gray vertical lines indicate the backswing top and impact. The left silhouette shows the local coordinate of each segment at the address posture.