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. 2020 Jul 14;26(7):602–609. doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0479

Table 2.

Pretreatment Versus Posttreatment for Visual Analog Scale Scores

VAS criterion Start of session
End of session
Massage only, mean (SD) (n = 21)a Massage+Acupuncture, mean (SD) (n = 19)a Effect estimate (95% CI), pb Massage only, mean (SD) (n = 21)a Massage+Acupuncture, mean (SD) (n = 19)a Effect estimate (95% CI), pb
Stress
 Baseline (screen pretest) 4.57 (2.96) 3.95 (2.67)   4.57 (2.96) 3.95 (2.67)  
 Δ at visit 1 −1.90 (3.37)c +0.42 (2.14) 1.13 (0.10–2.16), 0.03 −3.76 (2.93)c −2.16 (2.39)c 0.69 (0.02–1.36), 0.04
 Δ at visit 2 −1.71 (2.53)c −0.21 (2.70) −3.48 (2.66)c −2.22 (2.76)c
 Δ at visit 3 −1.75 (2.24)c −1.17 (2.81) −3.10 (2.53)c −2.50 (2.55)c
Anxiety
 Baseline (screen pretest) 4.14 (3.14) 3.74 (2.49)   4.14 (3.14) 3.74 (2.49)  
 Δ at visit 1 −1.24 (3.49) +0.16 (1.92) 0.93 (−0.21 to 2.06), 0.11 −3.29 (3.15)c −1.74 (2.56)c 0.64 (−0.11 to 1.39), 0.09
 Δ at visit 2 −1.33 (2.99) +0.05 (2.53) −3.19 (3.04)c −2.06 (2.53)c
 Δ at visit 3 −1.60 (3.23)c −0.78 (2.67) −2.50 (2.98)c −2.28 (2.47)c
Relaxation
 Baseline (screen pretest) 4.14 (2.92) 4.84 (2.14)   4.14 (2.92) 4.84 (2.14)  
 Δ at visit 1 −0.14 (3.40) −1.00 (2.67) −0.24 (−1.37 to 0.88), 0.66 +4.67 (3.02)c +3.47 (2.52)c −0.17 (−1.01 to 0.66), 0.68
 Δ at visit 2 +1.38 (3.22) +0.21 (2.64) +4.62 (3.40)c +3.56 (2.36)c
 Δ at visit 3 +0.85 (3.15) +0.72 (2.08) +4.25 (3.16)c +4.00 (2.11)c
Nausea
 Baseline (screen pretest) 0.57 (1.57) 0.16 (0.69)   0.57 (1.57) 0.16 (0.69)  
 Δ at visit 1 +1.43 (2.87)c +1.63 (2.34)c −0.66 (−1.65 to 0.34), 0.19 −0.10 (1.58) +0.89 (2.14) −0.19 (−0.81 to 0.43), 0.53
 Δ at visit 2 +1.81 (2.56)c +0.95 (1.99) +0.81 (2.73) +0.33 (1.28)
 Δ at visit 3 +1.00 (2.20) +0.39 (1.20) −0.05 (1.70) −0.06 (0.80)
Fatigue
 Baseline (screen pretest) 3.76 (3.24) 3.74 (1.52)   3.76 (3.24) 3.74 (1.52)  
 Δ at visit 1 +2.62 (3.76)c +2.95 (2.93)c 0.17 (−1.11 to 1.46), 0.79 +0.71 (4.52) +0.84 (2.24) 0.17 (−1.32 to 1.67), 0.81
 Δ at visit 2 +1.52 (3.79) +1.84 (2.67)c +0.19 (4.49) +0.83 (2.64)
 Δ at visit 3 +1.10 (2.53) +1.44 (3.15) −0.80 (3.50) −0.33 (2.57)
Pain
 Baseline (screen pretest) 1.71 (2.39) 1.00 (1.33)   1.71 (2.39) 1.00 (1.33)  
 Δ at visit 1 +3.05 (2.46)c +3.95 (1.68)c −0.19 (−1.14 to 0.75), 0.68 +1.14 (2.29)c +1.63 (2.11)c −0.76 (−1.52 to 0.003), 0.05
 Δ at visit 2 +2.43 (3.20)c +2.74 (2.13)c +0.81 (3.52) +0.72 (1.84)
 Δ at visit 3 +1.75 (2.22)c +1.56 (2.04)c +0.90 (2.59) +0.06 (1.51)
Mood
 Baseline (screen pretest) 7.19 (2.38) 7.21 (2.04)   7.19 (2.38) 7.21 (2.04)  
 Δ at visit 1 −1.05 (2.52) −0.63 (1.83) 0.48 (−0.42 to 1.38), 0.29 +0.81 (2.58) +0.28 (1.96) −0.06 (−0.85 to 0.72), 0.87
 Δ at visit 2 −0.86 (2.35) −0.84 (1.50)c +0.62 (2.54) +0.50 (1.58)
 Δ at visit 3 −0.90 (2.53) −0.06 (2.07) +0.50 (2.61) +1.00 (1.60)c
a

One participant did not complete visit 3 in the Massage-Only Group. In the Massage+Acupuncture Group, one participant did not complete the acupuncture portion in visit 3 and one participant did not complete acupuncture in visit 2 or any treatment in visit 3.

b

Data were analyzed with use of a linear mixed model with an autoregressive covariance structure to account for the repeated-measures study design. In all cases, the independent variable was study group (Massage+Acupuncture Group vs. Massage-Only Group); the baseline value of the screening pretest score was included as a covariate. The effect estimate corresponds to the estimated difference between study groups (Massage+Acupuncture minus Massage Only).

c

p < 0.05 for two-sided paired t test of visit compared with baseline.

Δ, change; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analog scale.