Fig. 2. ATP-fueled transient DySS DNA polymerization.

a, b General scheme for ATP-powered transient DySS polymerization and control over lifetimes and adaptive DySS properties. The system enters into a DySS, state B, from its monomer state, state A, upon fueling with ATP, and returns to state A once the ATP is consumed. c Time-dependent AGE (2 wt. %, 90 V, 2 h) for transient DNA polymerizations with programmable lifetimes by fueling with varied ATP concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 mM). d Gray scale profiles from AGE at 1.0 mM ATP quantifying the transient shift of molecular weight, which is used to calculate the mass-weighted average chain length ($\overline{\mathrm{bp}}$_w) for each kinetic aliquot. e The $\overline{\mathrm{bp}}$_w development with time by varying the ATP concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 mM. Lines are guides to the eye. Multiple ATP injections are shown in Fig. 3. f Lifetimes are controlled by the ATP concentration. Error bars are standard deviations of duplicate measurements. Conditions: 37 °C, 0.05 mM M1, 0.46 WU μL⁻¹ T4 DNA ligase, 2.5 U μL⁻¹ BsaI, and varying amounts of ATP.