Table 4.
Multivariable linear mixed models predicting effects of three randomized supplement interventions on anthropometry and hemoglobin measures
| Measures | NEWSUP v control | FBF v control | NEWSUP v FBF | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P value* | |||
| Children younger than 4 | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat cohort | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) in children with anemia only | 0.65 (0.23 to 1.07) | 0.003 | 0.25 (−0.16 to 0.66) | 0.23 | 0.40 (−0.01 to 0.80) | 0.06 | ||
| Weight (kg) | −0.20 (−0.41 to 0.02) | 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.23 to 0.21) | 0.91 | −0.19 (−0.40 to 0.03) | 0.09 | ||
| Weight for age (z score) | −0.14 (−0.27 to −0.01) | 0.04 | 0.02 (−0.12 to 0.15) | 0.80 | −0.16 (−0.29 to −0.03) | 0.02 | ||
| Height for age (z score) | −0.04 (−0.18 to 0.09) | 0.54 | −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.09) | 0.44 | 0.01 (−0.12 to 0.15) | 0.85 | ||
| Body mass index | −0.24 (−0.50 to 0.02) | 0.07 | 0.04 (−0.24 to 0.31) | 0.80 | −0.28 (−0.54 to −0.01) | 0.04 | ||
| Body mass index for age (z score) | −0.18 (−0.39 to 0.02) | 0.08 | 0.04 (−0.17 to 0.26) | 0.69 | −0.23 (−0.43 to −0.02) | 0.03 | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | −0.17 (−0.35 to 0.001) | 0.05 | −0.04 (−0.22 to 0.14) | 0.64 | −0.13 (−0.31 to 0.04) | 0.14 | ||
| Lean tissue area (cm2) | 0.71 (−2.22 to 3.65) | 0.63 | −2.26 (−5.31 to 0.78) | 0.14 | 2.98 (0.04 to 5.92) | 0.046 | ||
| Fat tissue area (cm2) | −4.94 (−10.41 to 0.52) | 0.08 | 0.88 (−4.78 to 6.53) | 0.76 | −5.82 (−11.28 to −0.36) | 0.04 | ||
| Per protocol cohort | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) in children with anemia only | 0.73 (0.27 to 1.19) | 0.002 | 0.16 (−0.28 to 0.61) | 0.47 | 0.56 (0.12 to 1.01) | 0.01 | ||
| Weight (kg) | −0.25 (−0.49 to −0.01) | 0.04 | −0.09 (−0.34 to 0.16) | 0.47 | −0.16 (−0.40 to 0.08) | 0.19 | ||
| Weight for age (z score) | −0.16 (−0.31 to −0.02) | 0.03 | −0.02 (−0.17 to 0.13) | 0.76 | −0.14 (−0.29 to 0.01) | 0.06 | ||
| Height for age (z score) | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.07) | 0.32 | −0.06 (−0.22 to 0.09) | 0.43 | −0.01 (−0.17 to 0.14) | 0.86 | ||
| Body mass index | −0.24 (−0.53 to 0.05) | 0.11 | −0.01 (−0.31 to 0.29) | 0.95 | −0.23 (−0.53 to 0.07) | 0.13 | ||
| Body mass index for age (z score) | −0.19 (−0.42 to 0.04) | 0.10 | 0.01 (−0.23 to 0.25) | 0.93 | −0.20 (−0.43 to 0.03) | 0.09 | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | −0.20 (−0.39 to −0.02) | 0.03 | −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.14) | 0.60 | −0.15 (−0.34 to 0.04) | 0.11 | ||
| Lean tissue area (cm2) | 0.77 (−2.44 to 3.98) | 0.64 | −3.11 (−6.43 to 0.21) | 0.07 | 3.88 (0.64 to 7.12) | 0.02 | ||
| Fat tissue area (cm2) | −5.60 (−11.51 to 0.31) | 0.06 | 1.51 (−4.60 to 7.63) | 0.63 | −7.11 (−13.07 to −1.15) | 0.02 | ||
| Children aged 4 and older | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat cohort | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) in children with anemia only | 0.33 (−0.04 to 0.70) | 0.08 | 0.09 (−0.28 to 0.45) | 0.63 | 0.24 (−0.13 to 0.61) | 0.20 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 0.11 (−0.07 to 0.28) | 0.23 | 0.09 (−0.09 to 0.27) | 0.33 | 0.02 (−0.16 to 0.20) | 0.82 | ||
| Weight for age (z score) | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 0.32 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 0.44 | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.08) | 0.82 | ||
| Height for age (z score) | 0.07 (−0.003 to 0.13) | 0.06 | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | 0.39 | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) | 0.32 | ||
| Body mass index | 0.02 (−0.12 to 0.16) | 0.77 | 0.03 (−0.11 to 0.17) | 0.67 | −0.01 (−0.15 to 0.13) | 0.90 | ||
| Body mass index for age (z score) | −0.002 (−0.11 to 0.11) | 0.98 | 0.02 (−0.09 to 0.13) | 0.75 | −0.02 (−0.13 to 0.09) | 0.73 | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | −0.03 (−0.17 to 0.11) | 0.66 | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | 0.60 | −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.07) | 0.34 | ||
| Lean tissue area (cm2) | 6.27 (2.36 to 10.18) | 0.002 | 1.96 (−1.98 to 5.89) | 0.33 | 4.31 (0.34 to 8.28) | 0.03 | ||
| Fat tissue area (cm2) | −6.47 (−12.13 to −0.81) | 0.03 | −1.22 (−6.91 to 4.48) | 0.67 | −5.25 (−10.99 to 0.48) | 0.07 | ||
| Per protocol cohort | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) in children with anemia only | 0.38 (−0.01 to 0.77) | 0.06 | 0.08 (−0.30 to 0.47) | 0.67 | 0.30 (−0.10 to 0.68) | 0.14 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.30) | 0.27 | 0.08 (−0.11 to 0.27) | 0.41 | 0.03 (−0.16 to 0.22) | 0.78 | ||
| Weight for age (z score) | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12) | 0.34 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11) | 0.49 | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.80 | ||
| Height for age (z score) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.15) | 0.04 | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 0.31 | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) | 0.28 | ||
| Body mass index | 0.005 (−0.14 to 0.15) | 0.95 | 0.01 (0.14 to 0.16) | 0.85 | −0.01 (−0.16 to 0.14) | 0.90 | ||
| Body mass index for age (z score) | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.10) | 0.80 | 0.003 (−0.11 to 0.12) | 0.95 | −0.02 (−0.13 to 0.10) | 0.76 | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.09) | 0.44 | 0.03 (−0.12 to 0.17) | 0.72 | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.06) | 0.26 | ||
| Lean tissue area (cm2) | 6.10 (1.91 to 10.28) | 0.004 | 1.75 (−2.45 to 5.96) | 0.41 | 4.34 (0.12 to 8.57) | 0.04 | ||
| Fat tissue area (cm2) | −7.20 (−13.23 to −1.16) | 0.02 | −1.47 (−7.54 to 4.59) | 0.63 | −5.72 (−11.81 to 0.36) | 0.07 | ||
FBF=fortified blended food; NEWSUP=new supplement.
*
Calculated by linear mixed models accounting for clustering of children within families, adjusted for age, sex, study cohort, and baseline measurement.