Table 3.
Summary of risk factors significantly associated with postnatal depression (N = 58, 2007–2017), (random effect model, result after a trim and fill analysis)
| Variable of sub-analysis | Number of studies | Sample size | Pooled Odds Ratio (POR), 95%CI | I2, p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor obstetric history (unplanned pregnancy, GDM, GHP, labor complication, history of emesis, multiparty) | 18 | 28,766 | 1.98 (1.66–2.36) | 64.5%, p = 0.001 |
| History of CMD (depression during pregnancy, family psychiatric illness, stressful life event) | 13 | 10,074 | 3.30 (1.88–5.80) | 99.2%, p = 0.001 |
| Poor social support | 12 | 11,206 | 2.44 (1.92,3.09) | 73.8%, p = 0.001 |
| Low economic status | 12 | 7671 | 2.05 (1.66–2.54) | 96.2%, p = 0.001 |
| Problem with maternal and newborn health | 11 | 5954 | 3.16 (1.96–5.08) | 91.7%, p = 0.001 |
| Exposure to any forms of violence (physical, emotional, sexual) | 7 | 5730 | 2.61 (2.16–3.15) | 0%, p = 0.867 |
| Low educational status of the mother | 7 | 5549 | 2.06 (1.56–2.73) | 48.2%, P = 0.07 |
CMD common mental disorder, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, GHP gestational hypertension