Table 4.

Summary of studies conducted on the effect of postnatal depression on infant health outcomes in low and middle-income countries, 2007–2017 (N = 14)

Author, P. year	Country, income	Study setting	Study design	Sample size	weeks	Screening tool used	Infant adverse health outcomes	Estimate (RR/OR)	LCI	UCI
Hasselmann MH et al. 2008	Brazil, Middle	HI	cohort	429	4 to 8 weeks	EPDS	Non-EB	1.21	1.02	1.45
Surkan PJ et al. 2008	Brazil, Middle	HI	cross sectional	595	6 to 12 months	CES-D	Short stature	1.8	1.1	2.9
Machado MC et al. 2014	Brazil, Middle	HI	longitudinal	168	1 to 3 months	EPDS	Non-EB	1.61	1.19	2.19
Gausia K et al. 2010	Bangladish, Low	Community	longitudinal	318	6 to 8 weeks	EPDS	Diarrhea	1.74	1.25	3.42
Rahman A et al. 2016	Pakistan, Low	Community	cohort	279	6 months	DSM-IV	Non-EB	1.42	0.98	2.06
Upadhyay AK et al. 2016	India, Middle	Community	longitudinal	1833	5 to 21 months	SRQ-20	Stunting	1.53	1.21	1.92
Islam MJ et al. 2017	Bangladish, Low	Community	cross sectional	426	6 months	EPDS	Non-EB	5	2.27	11.11
Saeed Q et al. 2016	Pakistan, Low	Community	cross sectional	325	2 years	AKUAD	Stunting	3.15	1.91	5.18
							Underweight	3.26	1.99	5.34
Adewuya AO et al. 2007	Nigeria, Middle	HI	case control	242	6 to 12 weeks	SCID-NP	Poor weight	3.41	1.3	8.52
							Poor height	3.28	1.03	10.47
Guo N et al. 2013	Ghana, Middle	HI	Longitudinal	654	3 months	PHQ	Febrile illnesses	1.32	1.01	1.74
Guo N et al. 2013	Côte d’Ivoire Middle						Febrile illnesses	1.57	1.20	2.07
Ashaba Set al 2013	Uganda, Low	HI	Case control	166	1–5 yrs	(M.I.N.I.)	Malnutrition	2.4	1.11	5.18
Weobong B et al. 2017	Ghana, Middle	Community	Longitudinal	16,560	4 to 12 weeks	DSM-IV	Diarrhea	1.8	1.45	2.14
							cough	1.49	1.28	1.7
							Fever	1.8	1.49	2.11
							Vomiting	1.98	1.26	2.71
Madeghe BA et al. 2016	Kenya, Middle	HI	Cross-sectional	200	6 to 14 weeks	EPDS	Non-EB	6.14	2.45	13.36
							Underweight	4.4	1.91	11.93
Wemakor A et al. 2016	Ghana, Middle	HI	Cross-sectional	384	0–59 months	CED-S	Stunting	2.48	1.29	4.77
Ndokera R et al. 2008	Zambia, Middle	community	Cross-sectional	278	2–12 months	CED	serious illness	1.64	0.51	5.24
							diarrhea	1.32	0.71	2.48
							underweight	1.48	0.35	6.22
Maureen M Black et al. 2009	Bangladish, Low	Community	cross sectional	221	6–12 months	CED	Stunting	2.17	1.24	3.81
Benett IM et al. 2015	India, Middle	community	Longitudinal	1930	12 months	CED	Stunting	1.18	1.03	1.35
							Underweight	1.11	0.97	1.26
	Ethiopia, Low			1885			Stunting	0.91	0.81	1.02
							Underweight	1.01	0.89	1.15
	Peru, Low			1946			Stunting	1.06	0.93	1.22
							underweight	0.85	0.6	1.19
	Vietnam Low			1961			Stunting	0.91	0.81	1.02
							Underweight	1.29	1.03	1.62