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. 2020 Jul 22;11:304. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01799-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Direct stimulation of canine ASCs and PMSCs leads to production of IDO and PGE₂. Canine adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) and placenta-derived MSCs (PMSCs) secrete increased levels of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in response to direct stimulation using recombinant interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). a IDO activity is directly proportional to the conversion of tryptophan to N-formyl kynurenine. ASCs and PMSCs increase IDO activity in response to dual stimulation with IFNγ and TNFα. IFNγ is the main contributor to the production of IDO. IFNγ- and TNFα-stimulated ASCs promote significantly higher levels of IDO activity as compared to PMSCs. b Canine ASCs and PMSCs produce comparable levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in response to dual stimulation with IFNγ and TNFα. TNFα is the major contributor to MSC-mediated PGE₂ production. Data presented as mean and standard error. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. IDO, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; IFNγ, interferon gamma; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha