TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants in the full sample and by gender
| Full sample (n = 400) | Girls (n = 197) | Boys (n = 203) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months), mean ± SD | 56.7 (6.4) | 56.1 (5.9) | 57.2 (6.8) |
| Low birth weight, n (%) | 34 (8.5) | 22 (11.2) | 12 (5.9) |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean ± SD | 38.9 (1.4) | 38.9 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.5) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, n (%) | 22 (5.5) | 12 (6.1) | 10 (4.9) |
| Energy consumption (kcal), mean ± SD | 1650.8 (601.2) | 1601.9 (576.4) | 1698.3 (622.0) |
| Family characteristics | |||
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | |||
| Low | 204 (51.0) | 99 (50.3) | 105 (51.7) |
| Medium | 154 (38.5) | 78 (39.6) | 76 (37.4) |
| High | 42 (10.5) | 20 (10.2) | 22 (10.8) |
| Mother’s age at pregnancy >35y, n (%) | 43 (10.8) | 20 (10.2) | 23 (11.3) |
| Mother’s marital status, n (%) | |||
| Married or living with someone | 329 (82.25) | 160 (81.2) | 169 (83.2) |
| Separated | 71 (17.75) | 37 (18.8) | 34 (16.8) |
| Mother’s education (years), mean ± SD | 11.9 (2.7) | 12.0 (2.6) | 11.8 (2.8) |
| Movement-related behaviours | |||
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day), mean ± SD | 18.9 (10.5) | 16.8 (9.3) | 21.0 (11.1) |
| Sedentary time (min/day), mean ± SD | 524.2 (58.2) | 520.1 (59.1) | 528.1 (57.2) |
| Health indicators | |||
| Body fat (%), mean ± SD | 23.9 (5.8) | 25.0 (5.7) | 22.8 (5.8) |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD | 52.3 (4.9) | 52.7 (5.1) | 51.9 (4.7) |
| BMI (z-score), mean ± SD | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.1) |
| Glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 86.0 (12.5) | 84.8 (12.0) | 87.2 (12.9) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 162.1 (26.6) | 164.7 (28.7) | 159.6 (24.3) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), median ± SD | 82.2 (42.5) | 80.7 (28.3) | 83.6 (53.0) |
| HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.3) |
| HDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 49.5 (9.1) | 49.0 (8.7) | 50.0 (9.4) |
| LDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 96.1 (23.7) | 99.5 (24.1) | 92.8 (22.8) |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 81.4 (7.4) | 80.6 (8.1) | 82.2 (6.5) |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 50.3 (6.3) | 50.0 (6.9) | 50.5 (5.7) |
| Leptin (ng/mL), median ± SD | 3047.5 (2949.6) | 3500.1 (3089.7) | 2597.8 (2739.7) |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL), mean ± SD | 15 287.2 (7217.1) | 15 573.0 (7318.3) | 15 006.8 (7128.5) |
Notes: Significant (P < .05) differences are presented in bold and were estimated using chi-square or Student’s t tests.