TABLE 1.
Baseline and follow‐up data for the entire cohort
| Baseline (n = 39) | 4 wk (n = 39) | 3 mo (n = 39) | 6 mo (n = 36) | P | Change | Relative change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 20/19 | ||||||
| Age (y) | 57.7 ± 10.9 | ||||||
| Transient elastography | |||||||
| CAP (dB/m) | 338 (311‐363) | 313 (296‐341) | 316 (284‐341) | 337 (280‐360) | .026 | −32 (−58 to 32) | −8.9 (−16.9 to 10.0) |
| LSM (kPa) | 6.9 (5.3‐8.4) | 6.4 (5.4‐7.6) | 6.8 (5.7‐7.9) | 6.1 (5.4‐8.1) | .857 | −0.5 (−2.6 to 0.9) | −7.7 (−31.5 to 17.6) |
| Anthropometry/body composition | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 100.8 ± 17.7 | 99.0 ± 18.2 | 98.7 ± 19.0 | 97.5 ± 18.3 | .000 | −2.5 ± 3.3 | −2.8 ± 3.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.3 ± 4.9 | 33.7 ± 5.0 | 33.5 ± 5.3 | 33.3 ± 5.3 | .000 | −0.9 ± 1.2 | −2.7 ± 3.6 |
| Fat‐free mass (kg) | 60.2 ± 11.9 | 59.3 ± 11.9 | 59.4 ± 12.0 | 58.3 ± 12.0 | .013 | −1.1 ± 1.9 | −1.9 ± 3.2 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 40.6 ± 11.7 | 39.7 ± 11.8 | 39.3 ± 12.0 | 38.7 ± 12.1 | .027 | −1.4 ± 3.1 | −4.0 ± 7.7 |
| Total body water (L) | 45.0 ± 8.0 | 44.3 ± 8.4 | 44.0 ± 9.0 | 43.5 ± 8.4 | .005 | −0.9 ± 1.5 | −2.1 ± 3.3 |
| Visceral fat (L) | 4.6 (3.2‐6.9) | 4.7 (3.5‐6.3) | 4.3 (3.2‐6.1) | 4.0 (3.0‐6.0) | .056 | −0.6 ± 0.8 | −9.5 ± 17.1 |
| WC (cm) | 116 ± 13 | 114 ± 12 | 113 ± 14 | 113 ± 13 | .073 | −0.3 ± 0.5 | −2.8 ± 4.5 |
| Phase angle | 5.1 (4.6‐5.6) | 5.3 (4.8‐5.5) | 5.2 (4.6‐5.7) | 5.2 (4.9‐5.7) | .105 | −0.3 ± 0.3 | −0.5 ± 5.2 |
| Biochemistry | |||||||
| Liver function tests | |||||||
| AST (U/L) | 24 (18‐32) | 25 (20‐34) | 22 (18‐28) | 24 (20‐28) | .059 | −2 (−6 to 2) | −7.4 (−22.2 to 8.3) |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (22‐43) | 29 (22‐44) | 25 (20‐32) | 29 (20‐41) | .002 | −2 (−14 to 2) | −12.5 (−30.2 to 7.4) |
| γ‐GT (U/L) | 36 (24‐54) | 31 (24‐49) | 31 (23‐47) | 33 (24‐49) | .049 | −4 (−15 to 1) | −11.1 (−28.9 to 4.4) |
| AP (U/L) | 79 (63‐87) | 74 (58‐89) | 73 (62‐95) | 73 (60‐95) | .623 | −1 (−7 to 3) | −1.2 (−8.8 to 4.8) |
| Glucose‐related parameters | |||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 (7.2‐9.0) | N/A | 7.3 (7.0‐7.7) | 7.4 (6.7‐7.8) | .000 | −0.6 (−1.4 to −0.4) | −7.1 (−17.5 to −4.9) |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 184 (140‐212) | 142 (135‐174) | 143 (130‐160) | 135 (126‐151) | .000 | −35.5 (−69.0 to −7.0) | −21.6 (−33.3 to −6.3) |
| Insulin (mIU/ml) | 12.3 (10.7‐22.6) | 9.7 (7.2‐19.2) | 12.5 (8.5‐22.1) | 12.2 (7.1‐17.9) | .138 | −2.1 (−6.3 to 2.3) | −14.7 (−49.2 to 20.9) |
| C‐Peptide (ng/mL) | 2.7 (1.8‐3.3) | 2.3 (1.5‐2.9) | 2.7 (2.2‐3.7) | 2.3 (1.4‐3.0) | .050 | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | −6.5 (−33.3 to 16.2) |
| HOMA‐IR score (FPGXIns/405) | 5.9 (3.8‐10.6) | 4.1 (2.4‐6.7) | 4.6 (2.8‐8.1) | 4.1 (2.2‐7.2) | .029 | −1.8 (−4.9 to −0.2) | −36.8 (−60.2 to 5.0) |
| Lipid status | |||||||
| TG (mg/dL) | 153 (118‐259) | 159 (124‐217) | 142 (106‐192) | 155 (106‐195) | .464 | −26 (−58 to 8) | −14.5 (−30.6 to 8.0) |
| TC (mg/dL) | 181 ± 42 | 176 ± 40 | 179 ± 41 | 180.3 ± 46.2 | .857 | −1.2 ± 27.1 | −0.3 ± 14.4 |
| LDL‐C (mg/dL) | 106 ± 28 | 104 ± 30 | 111 ± 33 | 108.3 ± 36.9 | .699 | 3.2 ± 25.4 | 3.5 ± 25.2 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 43 (37‐49) | 42 (36‐48) | 44 (40‐51) | 45 (42‐56) | .004 | 3 (−1 to 7) | 5.7 (−2.5 to 15.8) |
Significant P‐values are highlighted in bold.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment measuring insulin resistance; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; γ‐GT, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase.