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Materials commonly used for assembly of prototypical graphene-containing biosensors. Graphene and rGO are usually used in biosensors with an electrical readout, whereas GO and GQD are used in optical biosensors. Noncovalent functionalization by NPs can enhance the sensitivity, e.g., via enabling SPR and SERS signals. Biomolecules, such as antibodies, aptamers, and nucleic acids, are used to establish the biosensor selectivity.
