Table 1.
Summary of the results of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) instrument, displaying unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. ∗Anxiety. †Depression. CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio.
| Characteristic | HADS-A∗ |
P-value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | HADS-D† |
P-value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <11, |
≥11, |
<11, |
≥11, |
|||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||||||
| Overall | 188 (69.6) | 82 (30.4) | 189 (70.0) | 81 (30.0) | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 63 (23.3) | 16 (5.9) | 0.020 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.060 | 57 (21.1) | 22 (8.1) | 0.620 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.325 |
| Female | 125 (46.2) | 66 (24.4) | 2.1 (1.1–3.9) | 2.9 (1.3–6.1) | 132 (48.9) | 59 (21.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Physician | 85 (31.4) | 30 (11.1) | 0.187 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.772 | 83 (30.7) | 32 (11.9) | 0.502 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.770 |
| Nurse | 103 (38.1) | 52 (19.2) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 106 (39.3) | 49 (18.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | ||||
| Knew someone diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 21 (7.8) | 14 (5.2) | 0.184 | 1.6 (0.8–3.4) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.572 | 27 (10) | 8 (3.0) | 0.323 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | 0.230 |
| No | 167 (61.9) | 68 (25.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 162 (60.0) | 73 (27.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Treated a patient with COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 139 (51.5) | 72 (26.7) | 0.011 | 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | 2.9 (1.3–6.5) | 0.011 | 143 (53.0) | 68 (25.2) | 0.131 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | 0.265 |
| No | 49 (18.1) | 10 (3.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 46 (17.0) | 13 (4.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Redeployed to areas outside of usual clinical practice | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 71 (26.3) | 42 (15.6) | 0.039 | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 0.124 | 71 (26.3) | 42 (15.6) | 0.029 | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | 0.042 |
| No | 117 (43.3) | 40 (14.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 118 (43.7) | 71 (26.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Subject of a quarantine order or stay-at-home notice | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 18 (6.7) | 21 (7.8) | 0.001 | 3.3 (1.6–6.5) | 3.6 (1.6–8.1) | 0.020 | 29 (10.7) | 10 (3.7) | 0.521 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.487 |
| No | 170 (63.0) | 61 (22.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 160 (59.3) | 71 (26.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| More than one co-morbid condition | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 8 (3.0) | 11 (4.1) | 0.007 | 3.5 (1.3–9.0) | 3.2 (1.1–9.4) | 0.030 | 8 (3.0) | 11 (4.1) | 0.006 | 3.6 (1.4–9.2) | 4.7 (1.6–13.5) | 0.005 |
| No | 180 (66.7) | 71 (26.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 181 (67.0) | 70 (26.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||