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. 2020 Jul 16;94(15):e00147-20. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00147-20

FIG 3.

FIG 3

Oregano oil, carvacrol, and thymol inhibit HIV-1 entry, independent of the coreceptor and dependent on gp160. (A and B) Compound activity on R5-tropic HIV-1 replication. Cells were infected with YU2 (A) or JRCSF (B) strain. p24 in viral supernatants was determined 72 h postinfection. Raltegravir (100 nM), emtricitabine (100 nM), and enfuvirtide (1 μg/ml) were used as controls. Data are means ± SEM (A, n = 4; B, n = 3). (C) Oregano oil, carvacrol, and thymol do not inhibit infection of VSV-G pseudotyped NL4-3 infection of HEK293T cells. Results are means ± SEM (n = 4). (D) Activity of the compounds on HeLa-CD4-LTR-LacZ cells infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3. Results are means ± SEM (n = 4). Oregano oil (1:40,000 dilution), carvacrol, and thymol (100 μM) were used for panels C and D. Efavirenz (200 nM), raltegravir (200 nM), AMD3100 (10 to 20 nM), and enfuvirtide (1 μg/ml) were used as controls. One-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s posttest was used for statistical comparisons. **, P < 0.001; ***, P < 0.0001.