Table 1.

Trauma assessment steps—evaluated by the main researcher

	Criteria	Failure
Airway	A.1 Protection of cervical spine (either manual stabilization or application of cervical collar)	Observer did not observe cervical protection.
	A.2 Deliver oxygen if respiratory rate or oximetry were abnormal	No use of oxygen when the patient had abnormal RR.
Breathing	B.1 Measurement of respiratory rate	No RR was verbalized during initial assessment or written in medical record.
	B.2 Immediate treatment for open pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax or flail chest	No chest tube insertion in a patient with a written diagnosis of open pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax. No offer of oxygen in a patient with a written diagnosis of flail chest.
Circulation	C.1 Measurement of heart rate	No HR verbalized by the provider, or displayed or written in medical record.
	C.2 Initiation of intravenous fluids if tachycardia, hypotension or abnormal capillary refill	Fluids were not initiated in a patient with abnormal vital signs (HR, BP, ACR).
Disability	D.1 Evaluation of GCS	No GCS verbalized or written in medical record.
Exposure	E.1 Examination of patient’s back	No examination of patient’s back.
	E.2 Protection against hypothermia	Provider did not cover patient with his/her clothes after assessment.
Other	O.1 Measurement of weight or use of Broselow tape	No weight verbalized or written in medical record; no use of Broselow tape.

ACR, abnormal capillary refill; BP, blood pressure; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; HR, heart rate; MV, mechanical ventilation; RR, respiratory rate.