Architecture of Rieske oxygenase and the experimentally verified catalytic reactions. (A) Structure of enzyme in complex with carbazole (yellow) and dioxygen. The Rieske cluster and catalytic iron located in two subunits are represented by green loops and white ribbons, respectively, and they are connected by an Asp residue through H-bonding interactions. PDB entry: 3VMI. (B) Defluorination reaction catalyzed by 2HD. (C) Defluorination reaction catalyzed by toluene-1,2-dioxygenase. R: -CH3, −CN, −X, −OCH3, or −CF3.