Table 2.
Drugs used to counteract the acute respiratory distress, cytokine storm and cardiovascular complications.
| Drugs | Approved use | Trial code (NCT)a and/or reference with clinical study results |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-cytokines | ||
| Anti-IL6 receptor | ||
| Tocilizumab | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
[158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168] NCT04335071 NCT04317092 NCT04377659 NCT04306705 NCT04403685 NCT04339712 NCT04361032 NCT04333914 NCT04345445 NCT04310228 NCT04335305 NCT04330638 |
| Sarilumab | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
NCT04324073 NCT04327388 NCT04315298 NCT04357860 NCT04357808 NCT04359901 |
| Anti-IL6 | ||
| Siltuximab | Multicentric Castleman’s disease | NCT04329650 |
| Olokizumab | Chronic idiopathic arthritis | NCT04380519 |
| JAK inhibitors | ||
| Ruxolitinib | Myelofibrosis, Polycythaemia vera, graft-versus-host disease |
NCT04362137 NCT04334044 NCT04366232 NCT04348695 NCT04374149 |
| Baricitinib | Rheumatoid arthritis |
NCT04340232 NCT04421027 NCT04393051 NCT04362943 NCT04399798 NCT04321993 NCT04390464 |
| Recombinant IL1 receptor antagonist | ||
| Anakinra | Rheumatoid arthritis and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (FDA and EMA) Familial Mediterranean fever and Still’s disease (EMA) |
[180], [181], [182], [183], [184] NCT04339712 NCT04330638 NCT04366232 NCT04324021 |
| Anti-Interferon-γ | ||
| Emapalumab | Orphan Drug for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | NCT04324021 |
| Anti-GM-CSF | ||
| Mavrilimumab | – |
[187] NCT04399980 NCT04397497 |
| Immunomodulating agents | ||
| Interferons | ||
| Interferon-β and α | Multiple Sclerosis, viral hepatitis and cancer |
[133], [199] NCT04350671 NCT04343768 NCT04350684 NCT04276688 NCT04350281 NCT04324463 NCT04385095 NCT04254874 NCT04320238 |
| Interferon-λ | – |
NCT04343976 NCT04388709 NCT04354259 NCT04344600 |
| S1P signaling modulators | ||
| Fingolimod | Multiple Sclerosis |
[205], [209], [210] NCT04280588 |
| Ozanimod | Multiple Sclerosis | NCT04405102 |
| Opaganib | – |
NCT04435106 NCT04414618 |
| CD24Fc | – | NCT04317040 |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | Orphan drug designations: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anal fistula, epidermolysis bullosa, graft-versus-host disease. |
[223], [224] NCT04366271 NCT04429763 NCT04315987 NCT04366323 NCT04336254 NCT04346368 NCT04382547 |
| Corticosteroids | ||
| Dexamethasone Methylprednisolone Budenosonide Ciclesonide |
Arthritis, asthma, irritable bowel disease/Crohn disease, emesis, multiple sclerosis and various autoimmune diseases |
[225] NCT04381936 NCT04395105 NCT04445506 NCT04360876 NCT04327401 NCT04344730 NCT04325061 NCT04374071 NCT04355247 NCT04273321 NCT04343729 NCT04416399 NCT04355637 NCT04193878 NCT04361474 NCT04374474 |
| Drugs acting at cardiovascular level | ||
| Anti-C5 complement mAbs | ||
| Eculizumab | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, generalized myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder |
NCT04355494 NCT04288713 NCT04346797 |
| Ravulizumab | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
NCT04369469 NCT04390464 |
| Antithrombotic and fibrinolytic agents | ||
| Low molecular weight heparin; unfractionated heparin | Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism | [236], [237], [238], [239], [240], [244] |
| Tissue-type plasminogen activator | Thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction; pulmonary embolism; acute ischemic stroke; central venous catheter occlusion | [247], [248] |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | ||
| Sildenafil | Pulmonary hypertension; erectile dysfunction | NCT04304313 |
| Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide analog | ||
| Aviptadil | Orphan drug for the treatment of ARDS, ALI and sarcoidosis |
NCT04311697 NCT04360096 |
| Anti-VEGF-A | ||
| Bevacizumab | Cancer treatment; age-related macular degeneration (off-label) |
NCT04305106 NCT04344782 NCT04275414 |
ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALI: acute lung injury.
a
NCT: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier; data from ClinicalTrials.gov accessed on June 2020. Due to the rapidly evolving situation and the increasing number of clinical trials, the reported list of clinical trials does not mean to be exhaustive.