Table 1.
Types of dataset shift.
| Type | Direction | Change | Examples of differences |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population shift | Causal | PD(Z) | Ages, sexes, diets, habits, ethnicities, genetics |
| Annotation shift | Causal | PD(Y∣X) | Annotation policy, annotator experience |
| Prevalence shift | Anticausal | PD(Y) | Baseline prevalence, case–control balance, target selection |
| Manifestation shift | Anticausal | PD(Z∣Y) | Anatomical manifestation of the target disease or trait |
| Acquisition shift | Either | PD(X∣Z) | Scanner, resolution, contrast, modality, protocol |