Table 2.
Mean sugars content (expressed in percentage) and standard deviations of different honey samples of the Asir province of Saudi Arabia.
| Honey Type | Different kinds of sugars and their related variables |
HMF mg/kg |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fructose (%) | Glucose (%) | Sucrose (%) | Maltose (%) | Reducing sugars (%) | Total sugars (%) | F/G ratio | ||
| SDR | 33.10 ± 0.04h | 26.68 ± 0.07g | 0.25 ± 0.11b | 1.04 ± 0.06c | 59.78 ± 0.03h | 61.07 ± 0.15h | 1.24 ± 0a | ND |
| DHY | 43.62 ± 0.07b | 36.38 ± 0.07c | <LOQ | 0.46 ± 0.04d | 80.00 ± 0.14b | 80.46 ± 0.17b | 1.20 ± 0bc | ND |
| SMR | 37.98 ± 0.07d | 32.06 ± 0.05e | <LOQ | 1.39 ± 0.04b | 70.04 ± 0.11e | 71.43 ± 0.15e | 1.18 ± 0c | ND |
| QTD | 44.77 ± 0.19a | 36.49 ± 0.28c | <LOQ | 1.05 ± 007c | 81.24 ± 0.16a | 82.28 ± 0.16a | 1.23 ± 0.01ab | ND |
| DRM | 38.77 ± 0.32c | 37.91 ± 0.21a | <LOQ | 1.08 ± 0.05c | 76.68 ± 0.31c | 77.76 ± 0.29c | 1.02 ± 0.01f | ND |
| MFJ | 37.44 ± 0.23e | 37.20 ± 0.14b | <LOQ | 0.98 ± 0.06c | 74.63 ± 0.11d | 75.61 ± 0.10d | 1.01 ± 0.01f | ND |
| MLF | 33.97 ± 0.05g | 29.51 ± 0.23f | 3.25 ± 0.13a | 2.97 ± 0.09a | 63.42 ± 0.32g | 69.64 ± 0.27f | 1.15 ± 0.01d | <LOQ |
| KNA | 35.15 ± 0.08f | 32.77 ± 0.13d | <LOQ | 0.37 ± 0.10d | 67.86 ± 0.17f | 68.23 ± 0.18g | 1.07 ± 0.01e | ND |
All analyses were performed in triplicate and the mean value ± standard deviation (SD) is reported. Mean values in the same column but with different superscript letters vary significantly (p ˃ 0.05). F/G = Fructose/Glucose; ND = Not detected; LOQ = Limit of quantification; LOD = Limit of Detection; for sucrose (LOQ = 0.002% & LOD = 0.0006%); for HMF (LOQ = 1.33 mg/kg & LOD = 0.44 mg/kg). SDR = Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi), DHY = Dhuhyana (Acacia asak), SMR = Sumra (Acacia tortilis), QTD = Qatada (Acacia hamulosa), DRM = Dhurum (Lavandula dentata), MFJ = Multiflora with majra (Hypoestes forskaolii), MLF = multiflora with herbs, KNA = Keena (Eucalyptus spp.).