Table 2.
The association of prenatal exposure to the China famine with WC, BMI and DNA methylation (%).
| CpG loci | Difference* (95% CI) | Cohen’s d | P | Bonferroni-corrected P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WC | 2.72 (0.20, 5.24) | 0.284 | 0.034 | – |
| BMI | 0.06 (− 0.96, 1.08) | 0.016 | 0.913 | – |
| INSR | 3.6 (1.2, 6.0) | 0.404 | 0.003 | 0.027 |
| CpG 1 | 6.7 (3.1, 10.3) | 0.491 | 3.1 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−3 |
| CpG 2 | 3.3 (0.0, 6.6) | 0.253 | 0.052 | NS |
| CpG 3 | 2.9 (− 0.6, 6.4) | 0.213 | 0.105 | NS |
| CpG 4 | 6.7 (3.1, 10.3) | 0.491 | 3.1 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−3 |
| CpG 5 | 7.6 (3.4, 11.8) | 0.486 | 4.6 × 10−4 | 4.1 × 10−3 |
| CpG 6 | 0.2 (− 4.6, 4.9) | 0.018 | 0.938 | NS |
| CpG 7 | 11.2 (5.5, 16.9) | 0.539 | 1.5 × 10−4 | 1.4 × 10−3 |
| CpG 8 | 0.3 (− 1.7, 2.2) | 0.025 | 0.799 | NS |
| CpG 9 | 3.4 (− 0.6, 7.5) | 0.377 | 0.097 | NS |
| IGF2 | 3.2 (0.8, 5.6) | 0.443 | 0.010 | 0.070 |
| CpG 1 | 2.4 (− 1.9, 6.7) | 0.191 | 0.276 | NS |
| CpG 2 | 7.8 (2.9, 12.7) | 0.524 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| CpG 3 | 3.6 (− 0.5, 7.7) | 0.330 | 0.085 | NS |
| CpG 4 | 1.6 (− 2.3, 5.5) | 0.105 | 0.423 | NS |
| CpG 5 | 0.2 (− 1.5, 1.1) | 0.041 | 0.754 | NS |
| CpG 6&7 | 2.5 (0.0, 5.0) | 0.055 | 0.053 | NS |
| CpG 8 | 0.3 (− 4.1, 4.6) | 0.005 | 0.902 | NS |
WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, INSR insulin receptor gene, IGF2 Insulin growth factor 2 gene, CI confidence interval, NS not significance, ‘–’ no data.
*Differences between individuals with and without prenatal famine exposure, adjusting for bisulfite batch, province, gender, physical activity level, the frequencies of meat, vegetables, fruit, milk, smoking and alcohol use.