Figure 6.
The lumped-element model of the electrode-tissue interface. The electrode surface is marked as a dashed rectangle. The surface impedance is split between a coupling capacitor (Cw) to the source of the composite potential (W) and a capacitor connected to the ground (Cs, assumed to be a CPE) through a resistor Rs. The faradaic resistor Rf and the half cell (B) apply to nonpolarizing electrodes (Rf = ∞ for polarizing electrodes). The output of the amplifier is an attenuated and high-pass-filtered version of W.