Fig. 5.

Fungicidal activity of MaZnO-NPs. Dose-dependent effect of MaZnO-NPs on (a) fungal growth; (b) ergosterol content; (c) membrane integrity; (d) intracellular ROS; (e) MDA of seed-borne fungi, C. cladosporioides and F. oxysporum. The experiments were performed in 6 replicates and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The data was processed by one-way ANOVA and statistical difference between the tests samples were analyzed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. The bars with different alphabetic letters were significant (p ≤ 0.05) in the respective study.