Table 1.
Summary of the studies included in this meta-analysis.
| Author | Country | Design | Publication year | Age | Sample size | Any cataract, N (%) | Cortical cataract, N (%) | Nuclear cataract, N (%) | PSC cataract, N (%) | Diagnostic criteria based on LOCSa | QAS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical | Nuclear | PSC | |||||||||||
| Husain et al. [62] | Indonesia | PBCSS | 2005 | 20–39 | 500 | 21 (4.20) | 19 (3.80) | 9 (1.80) | 5 (1.00) | ≥4.0 | ≥4.0 | ≥2.0 | 7 |
| 40–59 | 298 | 84 (28.48) | 66 (22.14) | 76 (25.50) | 19 (6.37) | ||||||||
| ≥60 | 116 | 96 (82.75) | 58 (50.00) | 69 (59.48) | 45 (38.79) | ||||||||
| Male | 420 | 88 (20.95) | 65 (15.48) | 67 (15.95) | 31 (7.38) | ||||||||
| Female | 494 | 113 (22.87) | 78 (15.79) | 87 (17.61) | 39 (7.89) | ||||||||
| Stocks et al. [63] | United Kingdom | PBCSS | 2002 | ≥60 | 903 | 398 (44.07) | 75 (8.30) | 470 (52.04) | 15 (1.66) | >1.9 | >2.9 | >1.9 | 7 |
| Vashist et al. [64] | India | PBCSS | 2011 | ≥60 | 5871 | 3241 (55.20) | 198 (3.37) | 1559 (26.55) | 242 (4.12) | ≥3 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 7 |
| Varma et al. [6] | United States | PBCSS | 2004 | 40–59 | 4216 | NA | 194 (4.60) | 54 (1.28) | 39 (0.92) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 6 |
| ≥60 | 1926 | NA | 606 (31.46) | 483 (25.07) | 148 (7.68) | ||||||||
| Male | 2559 | NA | 320 (12.50) | 203 (7.93) | 79 (3.08) | ||||||||
| Female | 3583 | NA | 480 (13.40) | 334 (9.32) | 108 (3.01) | ||||||||
| Yu et al. [7] | China | PBCSS | 2016 | 40–59 | 458 | 41 (8.95) | 12 (2.62) | 5 (1.10) | 9 (1.96) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 6 |
| ≥60 | 355 | 199 (56.05) | 92 (25.91) | 45 (12.67) | 7 (1.97) | ||||||||
| Li et al. [3] | China | PBCSS | 2009 | 40–59 | 572 | 75 (13.11) | 51 (8.91) | 37 (6.46) | 9 (1.57) | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | 7 |
| ≥60 | 672 | 331 (49.25) | 230 (34.22) | 261 (38.83) | 56 (8.33) | ||||||||
| Male | 433 | 109 (25.17) | 70 (16.17) | 76 (17.55) | 21 (4.85) | ||||||||
| Female | 811 | 297 (36.62) | 211 (26.02) | 222 (27.37) | 44 (5.42) | ||||||||
| Nam et al. [4] | Korea | NWCSS | 2015 | Male | 6833 | 3351 (49.04) | 736 (10.77) | 1754 (25.67) | 37 (0.54) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥1 | 7 |
| Female | 9033 | 4431 (49.05) | 877 (9.70) | 2205 (24.41) | 51 (0.56) | ||||||||
| Hashemi et al. [65] | Iran | PBCSS | 2017 | 40–59 | 292 | 69 (23.63) | 10 (3.42) | 23 (7.87) | 17 (5.82) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 645 | 208 (32.24) | 85 (13.17) | 40 (6.20) | 30 (4.65) | ||||||||
| Male | 435 | 133 (30.57) | 51 (11.72) | 33 (7.58) | 22 (5.05) | ||||||||
| Female | 502 | 144 (28.69) | 44 (8.76) | 30 (5.97) | 25 (4.98) | ||||||||
| Hashemi et al. [1] | Iran | PBCSS | 2009 | 40–59 | 1003 | 93 (9.27) | NA | NA | NA | ≥3 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 330 | 155 (46.96) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 634 | 111 (17.51) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 656 | 137 (20.88) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Rim et al. [66] | Korea | NWCSS | 2014 | 40–59 | 6372 | 1348 (21.15) | NA | NA | NA | ≥3 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 5219 | 4175 (79.99) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Athanasiov et al. [10] | Myanmar | PBCSS | 2008 | 40–59 | 1258 | 187 (14.86) | 32 (2.54) | 76 (6.04) | 21 (1.66) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 777 | 547 (70.39) | 44 (5.66) | 254 (32.68) | 19 (2.44) | ||||||||
| Male | 829 | 298 (35.95) | 28 (3.37) | 145 (17.49) | 18 (2.17) | ||||||||
| Female | 1215 | 436 (35.88) | 48 (3.95) | 185 (15.23) | 22 (1.81) | ||||||||
| Athanasiov et al. [11] | Sri Lanka | PBCSS | 2009 | 40–59 | 801 | 146 (18.22) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 501 | 290 (57.88) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 528 | 241 (45.64) | 202 (38.26) | 39 (7.38) | 62 (11.74) | ||||||||
| Female | 777 | 169 (21.75) | 143 (18.40) | 21 (2.70) | 40 (5.14) | ||||||||
| Wang et al. [42] | China | NWCSS | 2016 | ≥60 | 4369 | 2121 (48.54) | 1776 (40.65) | 1349 (30.87) | 414 (9.47) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Cristina Leske et al. [43] | Barbados | PBCSS | 1997 | 40–59 | 2325 | NA | 292 (12.56) | 48 (2.06) | 22 (0.94) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 1806 | NA | 1012 (56.03) | 638 (35.32) | 101 (5.59) | ||||||||
| Male | 1902 | NA | 562 (29.55) | 336 (17.67) | 72 (3.78) | ||||||||
| Female | 2457 | NA | 895 (36.43) | 502 (20.43) | 99 (4.02) | ||||||||
| Giuffre et al. [44] | Italy | PBCSS | 1995 | 40––59 | 576 | 41 (7.11) | 30 (5.20) | 33 (5.72) | 18 (3.12) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 6 |
| ≥60 | 492 | 237 (48.17) | 132 (26.82) | 209 (42.47) | 115 (23.37) | ||||||||
| Male | 479 | 118 (24.63) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 589 | 156 (26.49) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Lee et al. [45] | Korea | NWCSS | 2015 | 40–59 | 4305 | 945 (21.95) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 609 | 364 (59.77) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 2134 | 551 (25.82) | 137 (6.42) | 308 (14.43) | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 2780 | 690 (24.82) | 171 (6.15) | 413 (14.86) | NA | ||||||||
| Nirmalan et al. [46] | India | PBCSS | 2003 | 40–59 | 3532 | 1142 (32.33) | NA | NA | NA | ≥3 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 7 |
| ≥60 | 1618 | 1307 (80.77) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 2314 | NA | 34 (1.46) | 521 (22.52) | 30 (1.29) | ||||||||
| Female | 2836 | NA | 31 (1.09) | 628 (22.14) | 38 (1.34) | ||||||||
| Tsai et al. [47] | Taiwan | PBCSS | 2002 | ≥60 | 1361 | 631 (46.36) | 298 (21.89) | 530 (38.94) | 125 (9.18) | ≥3 | ≥3 | ≥3 | 6 |
| Male | 822 | NA | 159 (19.34) | 300 (36.50) | 63 (11.5) | ||||||||
| Female | 539 | NA | 139 (25.79) | 230 (42.67) | 62 (7.02) | ||||||||
| Hirvelii et al. [14] | Finland | PBCSS | 1995 | ≥60 | 500 | 293 (58.60) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Male | 179 | 85 (47.49) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 321 | 208 (64.80) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Kim et al. [17] | Korea | PBCSS | 2014 | 20–39 | 3415 | 60 (1.75) | NA | NA | NA | ≥3 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| 40–59 | 4659 | 1351 (29.00) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| ≥60 | 2174 | 1917 (88.17) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 4397 | 1404 (31.93) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 5851 | 1924 (32.88) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Ostberg et al. [19] | Sweden | NWCSS | 2006 | ≥60 | 495 | 102 (20.60) | 29 (5.85) | 56 (11.31) | 33 (6.66) | >3 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 7 |
| Male | 251 | 35 (13.94) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 262 | 47 (17.94) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Paunksnis et al. [22] | Lithuania | NWCSS | 2007 | 20–39 | 403 | 17 (4.21) | 4 (0.99) | 10 (2.48) | 3 (0.74) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥1 | 7 |
| 40–59 | 435 | 49 (11.26) | 15 (3.44) | 28 (6.43) | 6 (1.37) | ||||||||
| ≥60 | 444 | 170 (38.28) | 58 (13.06) | 106 (23.87) | 6 (1.35) | ||||||||
| Male | 573 | 101 (17.63) | 30 (5.23) | 65 (11.34) | 6 (1.04) | ||||||||
| Female | 709 | 135 (19.04) | 47 (6.62) | 79 (11.14) | 9 (1.26) | ||||||||
| Park et al. [21] | Korea | PBCSS | 2014 | 40–59 | 7487 | 3778 (50.46) | NA | NA | NA | ≥3 | ≥2 | ≥3 | 7 |
| ≥60 | 7297 | 3588 (49.17) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 4811 | 2199 (45.71) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 6265 | 3402 (54.30) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Richter et al. [23] | United States | PBCSS | 2012 | Male | 1610 | 452 (28.07) | 197 (12.24) | 88 (5.46) | 13 (0.80) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Female | 3222 | 643 (19.96) | 271 (8.41) | 129 (4.01) | 14 (0.43) | ||||||||
| Park et al. [20] | Korea | NWCSS | 2013 | Male | 1421 | 892 (62.77) | 185 (13.02) | 490 (34.48) | 7 (0.49) | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| Female | 1827 | 1147 (62.78) | 594 (32.51) | 15 (0.82) | NA | ||||||||
| Seah et al. [24] | Singapore | PBCSS | 2002 | 40–59 | 565 | 132 (23.36) | 87 (15.39) | 61 (10.79) | 20 (3.53) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 7 |
| ≥60 | 557 | 391 (70.19) | 344 (61.75) | 373 (66.96) | 110 (19.74) | ||||||||
| Male | 503 | 329 (65.41) | 194 (38.57) | 214 (42.54) | 58 (11.53) | ||||||||
| Female | 619 | 360 (58.16) | 237 (38.29) | 236 (38.13) | 72 (11.63) | ||||||||
| Krishnaiah et al. [18] | India | PBCSS | 2005 | 40–59 | 2420 | NA | NA | 267 (11.03) | NA | NA | ≥3 | NA | 6 |
| ≥60 | 1137 | NA | NA | 628 (55.23) | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 3319 | NA | NA | 405 (12.2) | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 3929 | NA | NA | 496 (12.62) | NA | ||||||||
| Cedrone et al. [2] | Italy | PBCSS | 1999 | 40–59 | 498 | 5 (1.00) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 6 |
| ≥60 | 362 | 27 (5.42) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 376 | 15 (3.01) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Female | 484 | 17 (3.41) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Mahdi et al. [9] | Nigeria | PBCSS | 2014 | 40–59 | 1008 | 54 (5.35) | 35 (3.47) | 14 (1.38) | 10 (0.99) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| ≥60 | 629 | 270 (42.92) | 156 (24.80) | 130 (20.66) | 38 (6.04) | ||||||||
| Female | 872 | 198 (22.70) | 119 (13.64) | 90 (10.32) | 27 (3.09) | ||||||||
| Male | 765 | 126 (16.47) | 72 (9.41) | 54 (7.05) | 21 (2.75) | ||||||||
| Pan et al. [48] | Singapore | PBCSS | 2012 | ≥60 | 5768 | NA | 1486 (25.76) | 620 (10.40) | 173 (2.99) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 7 |
| Rauf et al. [49] | United Kingdom | PBCSS | 2013 | ≥60 | 922 | 651 (70.60) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Hashemi et al. [50] | Iran | PBCSS | 2011 | 40–59 | 1316 | 222 (16.86) | 29 (2.20) | 171 (12.99) | 76 (5.77) | ≥3 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 7 |
| Wong et al. [51] | Singapore | PBCSS | 2003 | ≥60 | 989 | NA | 324 (32.76) | 338 (34.17) | 98 (9.90) | NA | NA | NA | 6 |
| Tang et al. [52] | China | PBCSS | 2015 | ≥60 | 2006 | 883 (44.01) | 827 (41.22) | 607 (30.25) | 29 (1.44) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 8 |
| Delcourt et al. [13] | France | PBCSS | 2000 | ≥60 | 2468 | NA | 89 (3.60) | 134 (5.42) | 138 (5.59) | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Female | 1386 | NA | 59 (4.25) | 81 (5.84) | 93 (6.71) | ||||||||
| Male | 1082 | NA | 30 (2.77) | 53 (4.89) | 76 (7.02) | ||||||||
| Duan et al. [53] | China | PBCSS | 2013 | 20–39 | 1192 | 34 (2.85) | 25 (2.09) | 1 (0.08) | 2 (0.16) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| 40–59 | 3717 | 433 (11.64) | 403 (10.84) | 20 (0.53) | 28 (0.75) | ||||||||
| ≥60 | 1614 | 895 (55.45) | 768 (47.58) | 313 (19.39) | 66 (4.08) | ||||||||
| Female | 3506 | 829 (23.64) | 751 (21.42) | 201 (5.73) | 58 (1.65) | ||||||||
| Male | 3017 | 533 (17.66) | 445 (14.74) | 133 (4.40) | 38 (1.25) | ||||||||
| Nirmalan et al. [16] | India | PBCSS | 2004 | Female | 1314 | NA | 1249 (95.05) | 407 (30.97) | 604 (45.96) | ≥3 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 7 |
| Male | 1135 | NA | 986 (86.87) | 309 (27.22) | 519 (45.72) | ||||||||
| Carlos et al. [54] | Brazil | PBCSS | 2009 | ≥60 | 4229 | 209 (4.94) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 |
| Germano et al. [55] | Brazil | PBCSS | 2017 | ≥60 | 377 | 50 (13.26) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 |
| Huang et al. [56] | Taiwan | PBCSS | 2010 | ≥60 | 2316 | 1913 (82.59) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 6 |
| Female | 1390 | 1146 (82.44) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 927 | 767 (82.74) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Singh et al. [57] | India | PBCSS | 2019 | ≥60 | 4331 | 2588 (59.75) | 376 (8.68) | 221 (5.10) | 466 (10.75) | ≥2 | ≥4 | ≥2 | 8 |
| Female | 2399 | 986 (41.10) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 1932 | 757 (39.18) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Tang et al. [58] | China | PBCSS | 2016 | 40–59 | 5303 | 964 (18.17) | 533 (10.05) | 669 (12.61) | 98 (1.84) | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥2 | 7 |
| ≥60 | 4931 | 3296 (66.84) | 2123 (43.05) | 2501 (50.71) | 370 (7.50) | ||||||||
| Female | 6073 | 2571 (42.33) | 1962 (32.30) | 1568 (25.81) | 286 (4.70) | ||||||||
| Male | 4160 | 1689 (40.60) | 1208 (29.03) | 1088 (26.15) | 182 (4.37) | ||||||||
| Bojarskien et al. [59] | Lithuania | PBCSS | 2005 | 40–59 | 2708 | 247 (9.12) | NA | NA | NA | ≥2 | ≥2 | ≥1 | 7 |
| Female | 596 | 106 (17.78) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Male | 759 | 141 (18.57) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Xu et al. [60] | China | PBCSS | 1996 | ≥60 | 1817 | NA | 550 (30.26) | 520 (28.61) | 158 (8.69) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Yoshikawa et al. [61] | Japan | PBCSS | 2019 | ≥60 | 490 | NA | 106 (21.63) | 66 (13.46) | 28 (5.71) | ≥2 | ≥3 | ≥2 | 3 |
PBCSS Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study, NWCSS Nation-Wide Cross-Sectional Survey, NA not available, LOCS Lens Opacity Classification System, QAS Quality Assessment Score, PSC posterior subcapsular cataract. Any cataract was defined as the presence, in either eye, of any cataract (nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular cataract).
Italic numbers are based on LOCS II.
aLens grading is based on LOCS III.