Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and immune data.
| Mean [95% confidence interval]/N (%) in category | Group test | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy controls (Con) N = 40 | Treatment-responders (Resp) N = 36 | Drug-free (Free) N = 36 | Treatment-resistant (TRD) N = 58 | Statistic | P value | Post hoc # | |
| Age, years [95% CI] | 35.1 (32.7–37.5) | 36.0 (33.2–38.7) | 34.3 (31.8–36.9) | 35.9 (34.0–37.8) | F = 0.43 | 0.73 | |
| Gender, female, N [%] | 26 (65.0%) | 24 (66.7%) | 23 (63.9%) | 41 (70.7%) | Chi2 = 0.59 | 0.90 | |
| Education level [below university yes/no %] | 9/31 (22.5%/77.5%) | 9/27 (25.0%/75.0%) | 15/21 (41.7%/58.3%) | 22/36 (37.9%/62.1%) | Chi2 = 14.6 | 0.26 | |
| Relationship status [divorced, separated or single yes/no] | 8/32 (20.0/80.0%) | 13/23 (36.1/63.9%) | 18/18 (50.0/50.0%) | 30/28 (51.7/48.3%) | Chi2 = 21.6 | 0.01 | |
| HAM-D total score [95% CI] | 0.7 (0.3–1.0) | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 19.9 (19.0–20.9) | 18.1 (17.3–18.9) | F = 683.6 | <0.001 | Each vs others |
| State anxiety [95% CI] | 26.7 (24.7–28.7) | 36.8 (33.2–40.4) | 52.8 (49.0–56.6) | 49.5 (46.1–52.8) | F = 51.19 | <0.001 | Con < others Resp vs. others |
| Trait anxiety [95% CI] | 27.8 (26.2–29.5) | 44.1 (40.4–47.8) | 60.2 (56.8–63.9) | 61.0 (58.2–63.9) | F = 114.5 | <0.001 | Con < others Resp vs. others |
| Number of failed antidepressants (lifetime) [95% CI] | 0.0 | 0.83 (0.47–1.20) | 0.89 (0.45–1.33) | 1.74 (1.30–2.18) | F = 15.7 | <0.001 | Con < others TRD > others |
| Duration of exposure to antidepressants (lifetime) [95% CI] | 0.0 | 20.7 (15.8–25.6) | 18.9 (12.2–25.6) | 24.6 (20.5–28.8) | F(2,101) = 1.31 (three groups) | 0.27 | |
| Total Score CTQ | 40.1 (38.2–42.1) | 47.6 (45.4–49.9) | 54.1 (51.7–56.6) | 53.4 (51.6–55.3) | Wald Chi2 = 106.6 | <0.001 | Con < others Resp vs. other |
| Smoking % current/past/never | 12.8/25.6 /61.6 | 14.7/17.6 /67.7 | 11.4/20.0 /68.6 | 21.1/21.1 /57.8 | Chi2 = 2.8 | 0.83 | |
| Alcohol use % current/past/never | 59.0/0.0 /41.0 | 54.3/14.3 /31.4 | 55.5/13.9 /30.6 | 63.8/3.4 /32.8 | Chi2 = 9.9 | 0.13 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 (23.8–27.0) | 27.6 (25.6–29.7) | 26.0 (24.6–27.3) | 28.5 (26.3–30.7) | F = 2.35 | 0.073 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | 2.9 (2.0–4.2) | 5.0 (3.7–6.7) | Wald Chi2 = 40.49 | <0.001 | TRD > Con TRD > Resp Free > Cont |
| Total white cells | 5.9 (5.5–6.4) | 6.2 (5.5–6.9) | 6.6 (6.1–7.2) | 7.2 (6.6–7.7) | F = 4.09 | 0.008 | TRD > Con |
| Lymphocytes absolute | 1.9 (1.7–2.0) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) | F = 2.65 | 0.051 | |
| Monocytes absolute | 0.4 (0.35–0.44) | 0.43 (0.37–0.49) | 0.42 (0.38–0.47) | 0.40 (0.37–0.44) | F = 0.46 | 0.710 | |
| Neutrophils absolute | 3.51 (3.14–3.89) | 3.64 (3.15–4.41) | 4.09 (3.60–4.57) | 4.36 (3.92–4.80) | F = 3.30 | 0.022 | TRD > Con |
| Basophils absolute | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) | Wald Chi2 = 9.82 | 0.611 | |
| Eosinophils absolute | 0.15 (0.12–0.19) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24) | 0.18 (0.14–0.24) | 0.23 (0.18–0.28) | Wald Chi2 = 6.22 | 0.101 | |
#Post hoc: ‘specific group category vs. others’ means that the specific group has mean score statistically different (larger or smaller) than the scores of others group categories;
‘one group > /< one group’ means that the first category group has score statistically larger/smaller than the second group.