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. 2020 Jul 23;17:112. doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01362-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — The translation regulation of ATF4 under stress conditions. ATF4 translation is regulated through upstream open reading frames (uORFs). The 5′-proximal uORF1 encodes three amino acid residues, and the uORF2 and ATF4 coding regions partially overlap. In nonstressed cells, uORF1 facilitates ribosome scanning and reinitiates at the downstream coding region, uORF2, which blocks ATF4 expression. Under stress conditions, the time required for scanning ribosomes to reinitiate translation increases; thus, uORF1 allows ribosomes to scan through uORF2 and to initiate the ATF4-coding region [129]