Table 3.

Summary of physical methods used for decellularisation discussed in this review.

Method	Description
Freeze–thaw	– Alternating freezing temperatures with biological temperatures for an optimised number of cycles, thereby lysing cells – Ineffective at removing cells and genetic material, therefore used in combination with other methods and agents
High hydrostatic pressure	– Applying pressures above 600 MPa to dismantle the cellular membrane – Can be used on its own
Supercritical CO2	– With a critical temperature of 31.1°C and a critical pressure of 7.40 MPa, supercritical CO2 is compatible with biological systems – CO2 does not remain within the tissue: extensive washing is not required – CO2 is non-polar; therefore, the addition of a polar entrainer is necessary to remove the polar phospholipid membrane – Can be used on its own