Table 4.
Results of ROBINS-I tool for risk of bias assessment.
| Author (year) | Domain 1: confounding | Domain 2: selection of participants into the study | Domain 3: classification of the interventions | Domain 4: deviations from the intended interventions | Domain 5: missing data | Domain 6: measurements of outcomes | Domain 7: selection of the reported results | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deshpande (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Serious risk |
| Iwata (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Serious risk |
| Kuruca (2015) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Serious risk |
| Birch (2015) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk |
| Gambacorta (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Serious risk |
| Totsuka (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Serious risk |