Table 2.

Neuroprotection activity of natural products.

Types of nature products	Natural products	Mitochondrial regulation	Types of diseases	Experimental models
Mixture	Solanum melongena extract [46]	Prevents apoptosis, reduces SOD, and increases ATP production and upregulates SOD and catalase activity	Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity	Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC-12 cells
	Ganoderma lucidum [47]	Regulates ΔΨm, radical oxygen species accumulation, and ATP depletion and activates the AMPK/mTOR and Pink1/Parkin signaling pathways	Parkinson's disease	MPTP- (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine-) induced mouse model
Monomer	Linalool [48]	Reduces mitochondrial ROS and calcium levels and maintains ΔΨm to reduce oxidative stress	Glutamate-induced nerve injury	Glutamate-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in immortalized neuronal HT-22 cells
	Cinnamic acid derivatives [49]	Blocks apoptosis and protects mitochondrial physiological functions	Neuroprotection and angiogenesis	H2O2-induced injury model in HBMEC-2 and SH-SY5Y cells
	Proanthocyanidins [50]	Inhibits signaling pathways involved in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis	Methyl mercuric chloride-induced neurotoxicity	Cortical neuron cells from rats
	α-Arbutin [51]	Reduces oxidative stress, stabilizes ΔΨm, and enhances adenosine triphosphate	Parkinson's disease	Rotenone-treated human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and drosophila Parkinson's disease model
	Naringenin [52]	Reduces oxidative load, which in turn maintains mitochondrial function and prevent neuronal cell death	H2O2-induced neurotoxicity	Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
	Apigenin [53]	Reduces oxidative stress, downregulates the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibits mitochondrial-mediated neuronal apoptosis	Acrylonitrile-induced neuroinflammation	Acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats
	Auraptene [54]	Enhances mitochondrial respiration and attenuates ROS production	Parkinson's disease-like behavior	Rotenone-treated SN4741 cells
	Naringenin [55]	Inhibits HO-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including a decrease in membrane potential and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 cleavage	H2O2-induced neurotoxicity	Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
	Ulmoside A [56]	Induction of translocation of cytochrome-c, decrease of Bcl-2 level, increase of Bax level, and cleavage of caspase-3 in neuronal cells	Lipopolysaccharides- (LPS-) induced neurotoxicity	LPS-treated mouse neuroblastoma N2A cell line
	Celastrol [57]	Inhibits apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons by activating mitosis and degrading damaged mitochondria	Parkinson's disease	1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium- (MPP+-) induced SH-SY5Y cell model and MPTP-induced mouse model