Table 4.

Anti-T2DM activity of natural products.

Types of nature products	Natural products	Mitochondrial regulation	Experimental models
Mixture	Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. [70]	Improves ΔΨm, increases ATP production, depolarizes cell membrane potential, and increases intracellular Ca2+ levels	Tetrodotoxin-treated INS-1 cells
	Korean red ginseng [71]	Increases mtDNA copy number of mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors (PGC-1α and T-fam)	C57BL/KsJ db/db mice (a genetic animal model of obese T2DM)
Monomer	Berberine [72]	Reduces mitochondrial ROS levels primarily through Sirt3 modification	Arsenic-induced Sirt3 modifications in isolated mitochondria from rat pancreas
	Quercetin [73]	Reduces ROS, increases complex I activity and electron transfer system coupling efficiency, increases cellular NAD/NADH ratio, and activates the PGC-1α mediated pathway	High-glucose-stimulated HepG2 cells
	Theaflavins [74]	Enhances the mitochondrial DNA copy number, downregulates the PGC-1 β mRNA level, and increases PRC mRNA expression	Palmitic acid-induced I/R in HepG2 cells
	Silibinin [75]	Improves mitochondrial quality, regulates ΔΨm, and increases the Bcl-2/Bax ratio	Palmitic acid-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic INS-1 cells
	Puerarin [76]	Improves the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation function of the mitochondria of skeletal muscle, enhances the expression levels of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis (Sirt 1 and PGC-1α), and increases the density of the mitochondria	High-fat diet-/streptozocin-induced diabetic rats and palmitate acid-treated rat L6 skeletal muscle cells