Table 1.
Bivariate descriptive statistics by sleep quality, HRS.a
| Characteristics | Total (n = 1174) | Feel rested in the
morning |
p valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Most of the time (n = 717) | Some of the time (n = 332) | Rarely or never (n = 125) | |||
| Female | 697 (55.5) | 415 (54.4) | 199 (56.1) | 83 (59.9) | 0.6167 |
| Age category | 0.1552 | ||||
| 54 to <65 | 379 (48.2) | 210 (45.0) | 119 (51.5) | 50 (56.9) | |
| 65 to <75 | 437 (28.4) | 280 (30.1) | 117 (27.0) | 40 (22.9) | |
| 75 to <85 | 287 (18.4) | 177 (19.2) | 81 (17.9) | 29 (16.3) | |
| 85 to 106 | 71 (5.0) | 50 (5.8) | 15 (3.7) | 6 (4.0) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.7883 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 870 (78.9) | 541 (79.4) | 235 (77.4) | 94 (80.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 169 (10.0) | 103 (10.1) | 53 (11.0) | 13 (7.0) | |
| Other | 135 (11.1) | 73 (10.5) | 44 (11.6) | 18 (12.6) | |
| Marital status | 0.5430 | ||||
| Married | 712 (62.7) | 449 (64.8) | 197 (59.9) | 66 (58.6) | |
| Separated or divorced | 140 (13.6) | 85 (13.3) | 36 (12.9) | 19 (16.7) | |
| Widowed | 230 (15.5) | 136 (15.0) | 67 (16.4) | 27 (16.0) | |
| Single or never married | 92 (8.2) | 47 (6.9) | 32 (10.8) | 13 (8.8) | |
| Baseline educational attainmentc | 0.0059 | ||||
| <High school | 241 (16.2) | 139 (15.4) | 67 (13.7) | 35 (26.4) | |
| High school degree or equivalent | 434 (36.7) | 263 (35.7) | 122 (38.4) | 49 (37.2) | |
| Some college | 253 (22.3) | 149 (20.3) | 80 (26.6) | 24 (21.6) | |
| College degree and above | 246 (24.9) | 166 (28.6) | 63 (21.3) | 17 (14.8) | 0.0101 |
| IPR | 0.0101 | ||||
| <1.00 | 85 (6.9) | 42 (5.3) | 24 (7.2) | 19 (14.6) | |
| 1.00 to <2.00 | 216 (16.0) | 107 (13.1) | 78 (19.6) | 31 (22.2) | |
| 2.00 to <3.00 | 216 (15.6) | 138 (16.0) | 59 (15.3) | 19 (14.3) | |
| 3.00 to <4.00 | 161 (12.8) | 102 (13.0) | 46 (13.0) | 13 (11.3) | |
| 4.00 to <5.00 | 112 (10.7) | 76 (11.1) | 26 (10.4) | 10 (9.7) | |
| 5.00 and above | 384 (37.9) | 252 (41.6) | 99 (34.5) | 33 (27.9) | |
| Household wealth, mean (95% CI) | US$592,329 (508,199–676,460) | US$699,156 (593,179–805,134) | US$483,506 (323,972–643,039) | US$318,365 (194,537–442,193) | <0.0001 |
| Number of medical comorbidities, mean (95% CI) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 2.6 (2.3–2.8) | <0.0001 |
| Functional limitations | 156 (11.4) | 60 (6.6) | 58 (14.6) | 38 (27.8) | <0.0001 |
| Coping behaviors in response to psychosocial stress | |||||
| Drink alcohol | 0.8975 | ||||
| Never | 1131 (78.0) | 579 (77.2) | 270 (77.6) | 103 (75.0) | |
| Hardly to very often | 249 (22.0) | 138 (22.8) | 62 (22.4) | 22 (25.0) | |
| Use drugs | <0.0001 | ||||
| Never | 1169 (84.5) | 648 (90.7) | 262 (80.8) | 88 (68.0) | |
| Hardly to very often | 211 (15.5) | 69 (9.3) | 70 (19.2) | 37 (32.0) | |
| Smoke | 0.2800 | ||||
| Never | 1264 (89.9) | 661 (90.6) | 303 (89.2) | 108 (84.6) | |
| Hardly to very often | 116 (10.1) | 56 (9.4) | 29 (10.8) | 17 (15.4) | |
| Overeat | 0.0077 | ||||
| Never or hardly | 1103 (78.3) | 592 (81.5) | 244 (72.3) | 93 (71.5) | |
| Not often to very often | 277 (21.7) | 125 (18.5) | 88 (27.7) | 32 (28.5) | |
| Exercise | 0.4931 | ||||
| Never or hardly | 1167 (81.8) | 604 (81.8) | 272 (78.5) | 107 (84.0) | |
| Not often to very often | 213 (18.2) | 113 (18.2) | 60 (21.5) | 18 (16.0) | |
| Pray | 0.0026 | ||||
| Never to fairly often | 787 (58.2) | 431 (62.6) | 164 (51.8) | 63 (45.6) | |
| Very often | 593 (41.8) | 286 (37.4) | 168 (48.2) | 62 (54.4) | |
| Seek advice from friends or family | 0.7515 | ||||
| Never to not often | 1106 (80.3) | 581 (80.0) | 252 (79.0) | 99 (76.9) | |
| Fairly or very often | 274 (19.7) | 136 (20.0) | 80 (21.0) | 26 (23.1) | |
| Seek help from a health care professional | 0.1755 | ||||
| Never | 1111 (80.2) | 578 (80.7) | 262 (79.7) | 94 (72.5) | |
| Hardly to very often | 269 (19.8) | 139 (19.3) | 70 (20.3) | 31 (27.5) | |
| Met criteria for having a major depressive episoded | |||||
| 2008 | 91 (8.0) | 34 (5.0) | 27 (7.9) | 30 (23.8) | <0.0001 |
| 2010 | 90 (8.6) | 33 (4.6) | 29 (10.7) | 28 (23.8) | <0.0001 |
IPR: income-to-poverty ratio; CI: confidence interval; HRS: Health and Retirement Study.
a
HRS, data collected in 2008 unless otherwise indicated.
b
χ2 or F test.
c
Educational attainment assessed during first cycle respondent participated in HRS.
d
Score ⩾3 in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF).