Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of overall survival rates
| Characteristic | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age at diagnosis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 40 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 40–60 | 1.92 (1.40–2.64) | < 0.001 | 1.97 (1.42–2.73) | < 0.001 |
| > 60 | 4.83 (3.57–6.53) | < 0.001 | 4.28 (3.08–5.96) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.109 | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) | 0.048 |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| Married | Reference | Reference | ||
| Divorced/separated | 1.29 (0.92–1.80) | 0.136 | 1.42 (1.01–1.99) | 0.046 |
| Widowed | 2.82 (2.13–3.73) | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.25–2.33) | < 0.001 |
| Single | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 0.175 | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | 0.303 |
| Primary site | < 0.001 | 0.181 | ||
| Bones of skull and face and associated joints | Reference | Reference | ||
| Vertebral column | 1.93 (1.52–2.44) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 0.196 |
| Pelvic bone, sacrum, coccyx, and associated joints | 1.94 (1.54–2.44) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0.809 |
| Disease stage | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Localized | Reference | Reference | ||
| Regional | 1.41 (1.13–1.75) | 0.002 | 1.43 (1.15–1.79) | 0.002 |
| Distant | 2.22 (1.62–3.05) | < 0.001 | 2.31 (1.66–3.20) | < 0.001 |
| Unstaged | 1.68 (1.24–2.29) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.85–1.62) | 0.327 |
| Tumor size | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 5 cm | Reference | Reference | ||
| 5–10 cm | 1.96 (1.47–2.61) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) | 0.173 |
| > 10 cm | 2.98 (2.08–4.27) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.22–2.80) | 0.004 |
| Unknown | 2.04 (1.57–2.65) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.13–1.98) | 0.005 |
| Histological type | 0.004 | 0.124 | ||
| Conventional chordoma | Reference | Reference | ||
| Chondroid chordoma | 0.52 (0.29–0.92) | 0.025 | 0.78 (0.43–1.42) | 0.419 |
| Dedifferentiated chordoma | 3.03 (1.25–7.32) | 0.014 | 2.11 (0.83–5.35) | 0.115 |
| Surgery | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Surgery not performed | Reference | Reference | ||
| STR | 0.39 (0.30–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | < 0.001 |
| GTR | 0.35 (0.26–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.30–0.55) | < 0.001 |
| Unknown extent of resection | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.144 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 0.723 |
| Radiotherapy | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 0.97 (0.80–1.16) | 0.709 | 1.07 (0.89–1.30) | 0.466 |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 0.51 (0.34–0.76) | 0.001 | 0.71 (0.47–1.09) | 0.120 |
Abbreviations: STR subtotal resection, GTR gross total/radical resection