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. 2020 Jul 22;17:218. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01893-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Regulation of monocyte subsets and a slight improvement in memory function following chronic MDP administration over 6 months (high frequency) in APP mice. a Representative timeline of chronic MDP administration over 6 months (high frequency) in APP mice, n = 10 mice per group. b Percentage of blood inflammatory Ly6C^hi monocytes at two time points (3 and 6 months) following chronic MDP administration over 6 months (high frequency) in APP mice. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM; ^***P < or = 0.0004 vs. APP vehicle in 3 months, ^###P < or = 0.0004 vs. APP vehicle in 6 months. c Percentage of blood Ly6C^low patrolling monocytes at two time points (3 and 6 months) following chronic MDP administration over 6 months (high frequency) in APP mice. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM; ^***P < or = 0.0004 vs. APP-MDP in 3 months, ^###P < or = 0.0004 vs. APP-MDP in 6 months. d The total number of errors made on day 1 (D1), day 2 (D2), and day 3 (D3) in APP-MDP and APP-vehicle groups in learning performance in position habit acquisition at the two time points (3 and 6 months). Data analyzed using two-way ANOVA for the time points and treatments. e The total number of errors made on day 1 (D1), day 2 (D2), and day 3 (D3) in APP-MDP and APP-vehicle groups in learning performance in reversal learning training at the two time points (3 and 6 months). Data analyzed using two-way ANOVA for the time points and treatments. f Percentage of mice in APP-MDP and APP-vehicle groups made errorless trials in day 1 in reversal learning training at the two time points (3 and 6 months). g Average of total errors in APP-MDP and APP-vehicle groups in learning performance in reversal learning training at the two time points (3 and 6 months). Data analyzed using two-way ANOVA for the time points and treatments