Table 2.

Results of convergent validity

Construct	Items	Standardized Factor loading (> 0.7)	Composite reliability (> 0.7)	AVE (> 0.5)
Perceived Performance Anxiety	PPA1	0.86	0.924	0.709
	PPA2	0.86
	PPA3	0.85
	PPA4	0.80
	PPA5	0.84
Perceived Social Biases	PSB1	0.80	0.919	0.694
	PSB2	0.84
	PSB3	0.88
	PSB4	0.78
	PSB5	0.86
Perceived Privacy Concerns	PPC1	0.80	0.952	0.767
	PPC2	0.89
	PPC3	0.90
	PPC4	0.87
	PPC5	0.92
	PPC6	0.87
Perceived Mistrust in AI Mechanisms	PMT1	0.87	0.938	0.751
	PMT2	0.85
	PMT3	0.89
	PMT4	0.89
	PMT5	0.83
Perceived Communication Barriers	PCB1	0.87	0.934	0.738
	PCB2	0.87
	PCB3	0.88
	PCB4	0.90
	PCB5	0.77
Perceived Unregulated Standards	PUS1	0.86	0.944	0.771
	PUS2	0.89
	PUS3	0.88
	PUS4	0.90
	PUS5	0.86
Perceived Liability Issues	PL1	0.89	0.945	0.742
	PL2	0.86
	PL3	0.90
	PL4	0.86
	PL5	0.86
	PL6	0.76
Perceived Benefits	PB1	0.84	0.943	0.705
	PB2	0.85
	PB3	0.89
	PB4	0.84
	PB5	0.85
	PB6	0.74
	PB7	0.86
Perceived Risks	PR1	0.8	0.910	0.670
	PR2	0.85
	PR3	0.84
	PR4	0.82
	PR5	0.78
Intention to Use AI-based Tools	INT1	0.83	0.940	0.758
	INT2	0.87
	INT3	0.90
	INT4	0.89
	INT5	0.86