Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participantsa
| Characteristics/Cytokines | All (N = 50) | Healthy Control (n = 14) | ZIKV With Microcephaly (n = 22) | ZIKV Without Microcephaly (n = 14) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, no. (%) | 26 (52) | 4 (28.6) | 14 (63.6) | 8 (57.1) | .54 |
| Gestational age (week) | 39 (38–40) | 38 (37–39) | 39 (38–40) | 39 (38–40) | .32 |
| Prematurity birth, no. (%) | 10 (20) | 4 (28.6) | 4 (18.2) | 2 (14.3) | .87 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 32 (31–34) | 32.5 (32–34.5) | 31 (30–31) | 34 (33–35.5) | <.01 |
| Weight at birth (g) | 2850 (2328–4130) | 2813 (2393–2930) | 2705 (2209–2929) | 2973 (2755–3540) | .08 |
| Size at birth (cm) | 46.0 (45.0–47.5) | 50.0 (45.0–47.6) | 46.0 (42.0–48.2) | 47.0 (46.0–49.5) | .29 |
| CCL2 | 497.85 (304.57–1214.09) | 475.81 (325.04–533.63) | 1050.17 (377.49–1494.95) | 301.68 (179.63–934.69) | .01 |
| CCL3 | 9.26 (2.82–22.45) | 3.97 (0–10.77) | 20.18 (7.38–80) | 7.85 (3.2–13.62) | .01 |
| CCL4 | 28.42 (20.12–39.6) | 21.86 (19.08–28.22) | 42.06 (26.15–59.2) | 28.22 (20.63–30.19) | .01 |
| CCL11 | 95.45 (66.29–114.58) | 95.45 (46.07–122.04) | 101.6 (71.12–117.63) | 78.69 (66.29–101.76) | .22 |
| CXCL-10 | 239.25 (161.91–410.13) | 131.34 (80.47–152.45) | 517.71 (378.55–631.44) | 202.55 (185.87–235.08) | <.01 |
| EGF | 69.96 (31.81–133.89) | 83.98 (41.92–115.13) | 54.84 (29.1–109.63) | 112.73 (31.81–196.72) | .27 |
| GCSF | 188.28 (105.22–313.06) | 161.42 (100.33–243.39) | 289.62 (141.32–368.29) | 163.76 (97.88–227.44) | .10 |
| GMCSF | 29.47 (20.73–39.9) | 24.64 (10.64–37.08) | 34.25 (20.73–49.2) | 27.07 (22.69–38.02) | .35 |
| IFN-α2 | 90.37 (19.36–127.41) | 11.95 (9.91–13.12) | 101.98 (82.35–141.14) | 114.32 (95.6–136.62) | <.01 |
| IFN-γ | 15.57 (8–31.27) | 3.88 (2.65–7.04) | 31.63 (25.05–51.13) | 11.38 (8.93–15.37) | <.01 |
| IL-1RA | 29.84 (10.26–65.32) | 9.35 (3.95–23.25) | 46.51 (23.25–79.91) | 33.64 (12.1–47.95) | .01 |
| IL-1α | 327.86 (223.75–524.41) | 192.07 (126.62–206.74) | 519.18 (397.8–605.29) | 303.7 (245.63–321.5) | <.01 |
| IL-1β | 1.63 (0.47–2.8) | 1.63 (0.73–2.58) | 1.58 (0.47–2.58) | 1.8 (0.18–3.33) | .95 |
| IL-2 | 2.57 (1.88–4.18) | 2.4 (0.97–2.9) | 2.81 (1.88–4.18) | 3.3 (2.23–4.49) | .20 |
| IL-3 | 0.71 (0.16–1.51) | 0.93 (0.64–1.79) | 0.56 (0–1.65) | 0.86 (0.16–1.37) | .52 |
| IL-4 | 9.47 (5.39–21.1) | 11.45 (5.39–21.1) | 9.47 (3.28–21.1) | 11.45 (5.39–24.87) | .91 |
| IL-6 | 9.4 (3.79–22.42) | 4.92 (0–12.42) | 20.92 (7.01–33.49) | 3.94 (2.05–14.96) | <.01 |
| IL-7 | 10.86 (7.52–13.47) | 10.04 (7.52–11.51) | 9.88 (5.41–14.84) | 10.99 (8.15–12.99) | .65 |
| IL-8 | 12.9 (6.8–23.23) | 6.25 (3.42–13.01) | 16.82 (10.99–27.85) | 14.5 (8.26–23.23) | .01 |
| IL-10 | 16.2 (9.22–30.01) | 9.22 (2.67–11.68) | 28.91 (16.82–55.95) | 12.85 (9.58–19.24) | <.01 |
| IL-12p40 | 6.5 (0–17.34) | 0 (0–12.79) | 7.68 (0–38.48) | 6.5 (0–13.73) | .16 |
| IL-12p70 | 1.38 (0–7.26) | 0 (0–4.8) | 0 (0–6.08) | 2.36 (0–8.37) | .26 |
| IL-15 | 8.38 (5.25–13.77) | 5.64 (4–6.4) | 12.28 (7.32–20.31) | 9.16 (4.84–12.04) | .01 |
| IL-17A | 3.69 (0.67–7.42) | 2.77 (0–4.49) | 4.3 (0–7.71) | 4.06 (1.63–9.62) | .31 |
| TNF-α | 28.47 (7.38–72.38) | 5.71 (4.66–31.7) | 66.93 (21.83–130.72) | 23.26 (7.88–56.03) | <.01 |
| VEGF | 154.36 (100.09–227.18) | 118.2 (89.16–185.53) | 176.75 (110.62–252.75) | 147.34 (89.16–214.98) | .12 |
Bold font indicates statistical significance.
Abbreviations: CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IL-1RA, IL-1 receptor antagonist; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ZIKV, Zika virus.
aData are shown as median and interquartile range or frequency (percentage). Plasma markers concentrations are in pg/mL. Data were compared between the clinical groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test (continuous variables) or the Pearson’s χ 2 test (for data on frequency).