Table 1.
Organisms that can transport silencing information across cell boundaries
| Organism | dsRNA delivered by | Silencing occurs in |
|---|---|---|
| Animals | ||
| Free-living worm (Caenorhabditis) | Injection into gut | Gonad (35) |
| Environment | Gonad (121) | |
| Fed bacteria expressing transgene | Body-wall muscles (127) | |
| Transgene in pharynx | Body-wall muscles (146) | |
| Parasitic worms (Ascaris Brugia Haemonchus Litomosoides Nippostrongylus Onchocerca Ostertagia Schistosoma Trichostrongylus Globodera) | Environment | Skin (52) |
| Environment | Unknown (52) | |
| Environment | Unknown (52) | |
| Fed bacteria expressing transgene | Unknown (52) | |
| Environment | Unknown (52) | |
| Environment | Neurons (52) | |
| Environment | Skin (52) | |
| Environment | Unknown (52) | |
| Environment | Gut (52) | |
| Environment | Unknown (52) | |
| Fed bacteria expressing transgene | Unknown (52) | |
| Environment | Neurons (58) | |
| Planaria (Girardia Schmidtea) | Injection into head cavity | Eye (96) |
| Fed bacteria expressing transgene | Entire animal (84) | |
| Polyp (Hydra) | Fed bacteria expressing transgene | Entire animal (21) |
| Silkworm (Bombyx) | Injection into hemocoel | Midgut, silk glands (123) |
| Fruitfly (Drosophila) | Intra-abdominal injection | Neurons in the head (31) |
| Fleshfly (Sarcophaga) | Injection into larval hemolymph | Pupal hemocytes (86) |
| Mosquito (Aedes Anopheles) | Injection into hemocoel | Gut (11) |
| Thoracic injection | Mid-gut, fat body (14) | |
| Malaria parasite (Plasmodium) | Surrounding medium | Parasites within red-blood cells (77) |
| Beetle (Tribolium) | Intra-abdominal injection of pupae | Next generation (18) |
| Intra-abdominal injection of larvae | Adult bristles (129) | |
| Grasshopper (Schistocerca) | Injection into heart vessel of larvae | Developing eye (27) |
| Cricket (Gryllus) | Intra-abdominal injection | Next generation (82) |
| Locust (Locusta) | Intra-abdominal injection | Next generation (48) |
| Cockroach (Blatella Periplaneta) | Intra-abdominal injection | Ovariole (22) |
| Injection into cercus of larvae | Neurons and skin (79) | |
| Honey bee (Apis) | Injection into hemolymph | Insect fat body (6) |
| Tick (Amblyomma Ixodes) | Injection into hemolymph | Salivary gland (3) |
| Injection into hemolymph | Salivary gland (120) | |
| Feeding in droplet to larvae | Salivary gland (117) | |
| Milkweed bug (Oncopeltus) | Intra-abdominal injection | Next generation (72) |
| Wasp (Nasonia) | Intra-abdominal injection | Next generation (75) |
| Termite (Reticulitermes) | Injection into side of the thorax | Insect fat body (158) |
| Kissing bug (Rhodnius) | Thoracic injection of larvae | Salivary gland (8) |
| Moth (Spodoptera Manduca Epiphyas) | Injection into hemocoel | Midgut (97) |
| Intra-abdominal injection | Insect fat body (33) | |
| Fed droplets to larvae | Antennae of adults (132) | |
| Spider (Cupiennius Achaearanea) | Injection into perivitelline space of embryo | Developing appendages (111) |
| Injection into opisthosoma | Next generation (1) | |
| Mouse (Mus) | Modified siRNA injection into tail-vein | Liver, heart, kidney, adipose, and lung (118) |
| Plants | ||
| Tobacco (Nicotiana) | Silenced rootstock | Grafted scion (91) |
| Infected leaf | Entire plant (139) | |
| Sunflower (Helianthus) | Silenced rootstock | Grafted scion (49) |
| Leaf infiltrated with RNA from silenced plant | New leaves above the infiltrated leaf (49) | |
| Pumpkin, cucumber (Cucurbita, Cucumis) | Silenced pumpkin rootstock | Grafted cucumber scion (153) |
| Thale cress (Arabidopsis) | Induced expression of transgene | 2–3 upper leaves (44) |
| Legume (Medicago) | A. rhizogenes-mediated root transformation | Limited extent in nontransgenic shoot (70) |
| Fern (Ceratopteris) | Transgene bombarded into 1 cell | Entire gametophyte (107) |