Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy controls.
| HC (n=40) | PD-NC (n=39) | PD-MCI (n=37) | PDD (n=22) | pvalue | |
| Age, years | 63.75(5.611) | 61.49(5.529) | 61.43(6.842) | 61.86(6.657) | 0.0.304 |
| Gender, men* | 23(57.5%) | 22(56.4%) | 26(70.3%) | 11(50%) | 0.427 |
| Education, years | / | 12.28(3.112) | 8.34(4.771) | 9.55(4.361) | <0.001 |
| Disease duration, months | / | 32.3(29.008) | 63.82(61.371) | 82.17(62.377) | <0.01 |
| UPDRS-III subscore# | / | 26.18(16.153) | 34.03(13.889) | 39.63(17.839) | <0.01 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage** | / | 1.89(0.924) | 2.46(1.016) | 2.88(0.947) | <0.01 |
| ESS score | / | 6.21(5.095) | 7.26(5.249) | 7.19(4.976) | 0.631 |
| GDS score | / | 10.79(6.799) | 11.26(6.934) | 15.71(6.001) | <0.05 |
| SSST 12 score | / | 5.18(2.522) | 4.64(2.332) | 3.6(2.479) | 0.068 |
| RBDSQ score | / | 4.32(3.154) | 5.26(3.579) | 5.95(3.203) | 0.193 |
| Hallucination* | / | 3(15.8%) | 7(36.8%) | 9(47.4%) | <0.05 |
| LED (mg/day) | / | 390.02(204.672) | 698(508.704) | 689.34(339.458) | <0.01 |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%). P values correspond to three-group comparisons.
Abbreviations: HC, healthy control; PDD, PD-NC, Parkinson’s disease with no cognitive impairment; PD-MCI, Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment; Parkinson’s disease with dementia; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale. GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale. SSST 12, the Sniffin’ Sticks Screening 12 Test. RBDSQ, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire. LED, Levodopa equivalent dose. #Off-state motor ratings according to the UPDRS (motor section).
*chi-square test.
**Kruskal Wallis test.