Table 2.
Partially methylation gene in breast cancer
| Gene | Gene description | References |
|---|---|---|
| BRCA1 | BRCA1 gene is a tumour suppressor, and it can maintain genomic stability. The nuclear phosphoprotein is encoded by BRCA1 gene. Methylation of the BRCA1 gene promoter region can change expression of BRCA1 gene and loss function of tumour suppressor | 148 |
| E2F4 | E2F4 gene is potential basal transcription factor, and it can promote tumour growth. Methylation of E2F4 gene can cause upregulation expression of E2F4 gene and accelerate the development of tumours | 149 |
| PITX2 | PITX2 gene is a prognostic marker for progesterone receptor‐positive patients, and it is closely associated with poor survival and distant metastasis of breast tumours. If PITX 2 gene is methylated, it can be considered low risk of distant metastasis recurrences and need not adjuvant chemotherapy | 150 |
| Hox | The methylation of Hox gene is closely related to the high expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and methylation of HoxD13 gene is closely related to breast tumour size and poor clinical treatment | 151 |
| AKT1 | Methylation of AKT1 gene is observed to be associated with BC, and it affects expression of AKT1 gene. The expression of AKT1 gene has significantly associated with HER‐2 protein status | 152 |
| Soxl7 | Soxl7 gene has significantly associated with breast tumour size and lymphatic metastasis, but un‐methylation of Soxl7 gene is found in normal breast tissue and serum | 153 |
| CDKN2A | The methylation of CDKN2A gene in patients with malignant tumour is found, but un‐methylation of CDKN2A gene is found in patients with benign breast disease. Methylation of CDKN2A gene also is associated with distant metastasis of breast tumours | 154 |
| FHIT | FHIT gene is widely expressed in normal tissues, and methylation of FHIT gene occurs in 31% of patients with primary BC. In particular, after FHIT gene is methylated, its expression quantity is changed in patients with sporadic ductal carcinoma | 155 |
| TIMP‐3 | Methylation of TIMP‐3 gene is found in BC cells, but does not find in normal tissues. The degree of methylation of TIMP‐3 gene is positively correlated with malignancy of BC | 156 |
| MDGI | The MDGI gene is also lowly expression in BC tissues. If promoter region of MDGI gene is methylated in breast cancer patients, methylation of MDGI will be only slightly influenced by surgery, whereas tamoxifen therapy will be a more pronounced effect | 157 |
| RASSF1A | In the patients with sporadic BC, finding 33.3% of RASSF1A gene was deleted or methylated | 158 |
| HSD17B4 | Methylation of HSD17B4 gene is an independent predictive marker for pathological complete response in some studies. If the HSD17B4 is not methylated in patients with BC, these patients will be not benefit from trastuzumab treatment, but will be benefit from lapatinib treatment | 159 |
| ESR1 | Abnormal hyper‐methylation of ESR1 gene is found in BC cells, and it will hope to become a new biomarker of breast tumour | 160 |
| RhoBTB2 | Aberrant methylation of RhoBTB2 gene may affect expression of the RhoBTB2 gene, which influences PR protein status, become the factor that induce BC | 161 |
| NBPF1 | Hypermethylation of promoter region of NBPF1 gene is found in patient's serum or plasma with BC, and thus, the NBPF1 methylated from patient's serum or plasma may become potential tumour biomarker for detection of BC | 160 |