Table 2.
Technology “readiness” of pest management alternatives for bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in winter wheat, and locally perceived obstacles for their further farmer-uptake and diffusion (based on the expert consultation) - first part
| Categories | Sub-categories | IPM alternatives identified | Evaluation criteriaa | Roadblocksb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RESEAR | READY | PRACTIC | ENVI | ECON | |||
| Biological control | Biopesticides | Phenolic acid extracts from leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.), and from the green husks of walnut have insecticidal effect (Chrzanowski et al. 2012) | HU | ||||
| Biopesticides | Garlic oil blend can be used for aphid control (Zhou et al. 2013) | IT | HU | ||||
| Systemic defense priming | DIMBOA increases aphid susceptibility to electrophilic agents and insecticides (Mukanganyama et al. 2003) | HU | |||||
| CBC, predators | Diverse arthropod predator community, including Pardosa and Enoplognatha spiders, reduces aphids to low densities (Kuusk et al. 2008, Opatovsky et al. 2012) | HU,US | ES,IT | ||||
| CBC, parasitoids | Leguminose flower strips allow (non-pest) aphid species to build up, thus increasing parasitoid populations and enhancing in-field biological control (Langer and Hance 2004) | HU,ES, SI,US | IT | ES | |||
| CBC, predators and parasitoids | Both foliage- and ground-foraging natural enemies reduced aphid numbers by 90-93%, whereas ground-foraging predators alone achieved a 18-40% reduction (depending upon width of field margin) (Holland et al. 2008) | HU,US | IT | ||||
| CBC, fungi | Insect-killing fungi infect aphids on its winter host bird cherry (Nielsen and Steenberg 2004) | HU | IT | ES | |||
| CBC | Soil-inhabiting decomposer communities (incl. Collembola) benefit wheat growth and slow aphid reproduction (Schütz, Bonkowski, and Scheu 2008) | HU | ES | ||||
| Landscape effect | Lower aphid numbers under organic farming schemes (at the time of wheat flowering). Complex landscapes provided more overwintering sites, alternative hosts, and nectar sources and boosted parasitism levels (Roschewitz et al. 2005) | ES, US | HU | IT | US | ||
| Landscape effect | Complex landscapes had 46% higher rates of pest control than simplified ones (i.e., dominated by cultivated land) (Rusch et al. 2016) | US | HU | IT | SI | ||
aPRACT = is widely used in the country; RESEAR = at research state only; READY=IPM alternative available for immediate implementation; bfrequently listed roadblocks, preventing technology diffusion: ENVI = it would not be effective under the environmental conditions of the country; ECON = deemed too expensive—so it is not widely adopted; ES (Spain), IT (Italy), SI (Slovenia),HU (Hungary), US (United States), DE (Germany), HR (Croatia)