Table 3.
Technology “readiness” of pest management alternatives for bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in winter wheat, and locally perceived obstacles for their further farmer-uptake and diffusion (based on the expert consultation) - second part
| Categories | Sub-categories | IPM alternatives identified | Evaluation criteriaa | Roadblocksb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RESEARCH | READY | PRACTICED | ENVI | ECON | |||
| Biological control | Field margin and landscape effect | Landscapes with abundant field margins and perennial crops had low rates of aphid establishment. After establishment, there was no difference in ground-living enemy impact on R. padi population growth rate between farming systems, but impact was greater in landscapes where arable land was contiguous. Natural pest control declines with distance from the crop edge. (Östman, Ekbom, and Bengtsson 2001) | ES, US | HU | IT | SI | |
| Landscape effect | Nearby presence of grassland and hedges decreased aphid numbers; with woody habitats enhancing hoverflies and hedges benefiting parasitism (Alignier et al. 2014) | ES,SI | HU | IT | |||
| Cultural or mechanical control | Inter-cropping | 8-2 or 8-4 row alternation with oilseed rape (OSR) lowered aphid densities; wheat-OSR intercrops also conserved more natural enemies than monocultures and partial resistance of wheat cultivar had synergistic effects on parasitoids of aphids (Wang et al. 2009) | IT,US | ||||
| Inter-cropping | Wheat-garlic intercropping had lower aphid densities, and garlic volatiles attracted natural enemies such as ladybirds and parasitoids (Zhou et al. 2013) | ||||||
| Nutrition management | Reduction in N-fertilizer application can lower aphid adult weight, fecundity, longevity development time. Optimize N fertilization (Aqueel and Leather 2011) | IT,US | ES | HU | |||
| DSS | Timing | Early-sown plots had higher yields; insecticide applications in spring-sown plots should be discouraged and properly timed depending upon patterns in crop phenological stage, aphid colonization and infectivity (Mann et al. 1997) | IT | ES | HU,US | ||
| Model | GETLAUS is a model for simulating aphid population dynamics as related to crop development and in-field natural enemy populations; it allows visualizing the effect of pesticides on aphids, beneficial insects and yield losses (Gosselke et al. 2001) | HU | |||||
aPRACTICED = is widely used in the country; RESEARCH = at research state only; READY=IPM alternative available for immediate implementation; bfrequently listed roadblocks, preventing technology diffusion: ENVI = It would not be effective under the environmental conditions of the country; ECON = deemed too expensive - so it is not widely adopted; ES (Spain), IT (Italy), SI (Slovenia),HU (Hungary), US (United States), DE (Germany), HR (Croatia)