Table 5.
Technology “readiness” of pest management alternatives for wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in winter wheat and in maize, and locally perceived obstacles for their further farmer-uptake and diffusion (based on the expert consultation) - first part
| Categories | Sub-categories | IPM alternatives identified | Evaluation criteria | Roadblocksb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RESEARCH | READY | PRACTICED | ENVI | ECON | |||
| Biological control | Biopesticides | Extracts from defatted seed meals of Brassica carinata sel. ISCI 7 had insecticide effect (Furlan et al. 2010) | DE, IT,SI,HU | DE | HU | ||
| Biopesticides | Aqueous solution of chopped fresh Brassica juncea leaves decreased population (Furlan et al. 2010) | DE, IT,SI,HU | DE | ||||
| Bacteria | Rickettsiella agriotidis can be used in insecticidal sprays (Kleespies et al. 2013, Leclerque et al. 2013) | IT,HU | |||||
| Nematodes | Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae (at a dose of 50 or 100 IJs/cm2) controlled A. obscurus larvae (Kleespies et al. 2013, Ansari, Evans, and Butt 2009, Rahatkhah et al. 2015, Morton and Garcia-del-Pino 2017) | IT,ES,US | DE, HU | HU | |||
| Fungi | B. bassiana (Balsamo) has an insect-killing effect (Leclerque et al. 2013, Kleespies et al. 2013, Ansari, Evans, and Butt 2009, Kabaluk 2014) | ES,US | DE, US,IT,SI | HU | HU | ||
| Fungi | M. anisopliae strains V1002 and LRC181A has insecticide effect (Ansari, Evans, and Butt 2009) | IT,SI,ES,US | DE, US | ||||
| Fungi | Metarhizium brunneum Petch isolate LRC112 conidia as seed dressing or as dust (Kabaluk 2014) | IT,SI,ES,US | |||||
| Fungi | M. brunneum F52, Beauveria bassiana GHA, M. robertsii DWR 346 applied as in-furrow granular or soil band-over-row drench (Reddy et al. 2014) | IT,SI,ES,US | |||||
| Field margins | Avoid the establishment of grassy field margins (Hermann et al. 2013) | DE,US | SI | HU | |||
| Landscape management | Hedges or cultivated crops at the field border decreases wireworm attack, while grassland increases wireworm problems (Saussure et al. 2015) | DE,IT,SI | HU | ||||
| Cultural or mechanical control | Alternative crops | Crop diversification can benefit wireworm control; mustard, cabbage, French marigold, clover and flax are less susceptible to attack, while pea and bean plants tolerate attack (Griffiths 1974) | DE | ES, IT | HU | ||
| Crop rotation | Rotation with meadows increases wireworm damage (Furlan, Contiero et al. 2017, Poggi et al. 2018, Saussure et al. 2015) | DE,HR,IT,HU,ES,US,SI | |||||
| Crop rotation | Rotation with less susceptible crops and biocidal crops, such as oilseed rape (Furlan et al. 2009, Ritter and Richter 2013) | US | DE,IT,HU,ES, SI | HR | |||
aPRACTICED = is widely used in the country; RESEARCHED = at research state only; READY=IPM alternative available for immediate implementation; bfrequently listed roadblocks, preventing technology diffusion: ENVI = it would not be effective under the environmental conditions of the country; ECON = deemed too expensive—so it is not widely adopted; ES (Spain), IT (Italy), SI (Slovenia),HU (Hungary), US (United States), DE (Germany), HR (Croatia)