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. 2020 May 28;27(24):30448–30459. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09320-z

Table 3.

Mean (± SE) emission rates (ng g−1 h−1) for the compounds with PLS-DA VIP scores over or equal to 1.0 for component 1. The C1 and C2 in brackets indicate VIP scores for component 1 and component 2, respectively. The main effects of ozone (O3), herbivory (HB), and their interaction (O3 × HB) were tested with generalised linear models. RI indicates retention indices of unknown compounds, and n the number of replicates. Simple main effects and interactions are emboldened. ns = P > 0.1

AB O3 HB O3+HB Ozone (O3) Herbivory (HB) HB × O3
B. vulgaris n = 4 n = 4 n = 4 n = 4
  (E)-β-Ocimene (C1:1.6; C2:1.1) 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.7 25.1 ± 5.9 16.5 ± 3.1 ns 0.022 ns
  (Z)-β-Ocimene (C1:1.5; C2:1.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 1.5 48.9 ± 11.5 38.5 ± 12.1 ns 0.057 ns
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.3; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 140.3 ± 37.3 68.9 ± 35.6 ns < 0.001 ns
  α-Bergamotene (C1:1.2; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  (E,E)-α-Farnesene (C1:1.0; C2:0.9) 2.3 ± 0.9 6.9 ± 4.3 61.4 ± 17.0 23.6 ± 7.5 ns 0.084 ns
B. nigra n = 5 n = 5 n = 4 n = 5
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.5; C2:1.4) 0.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 3.0 26.6 ± 21.9 32.3 ± 6.6 ns 0.090 ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1530 (C1:1.4; C2:1.7) 3.4 ± 1.2 6.4 ± 2.1 23.9 ± 8.9 53.3 ± 45.6 ns 0.008 ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1347 (C1:1.4; C2:1.1) 1.1 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.1 2.2 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1409 (C1:1.4; C2:1.1) 1.1 ± 0.3 2.0 ± 0.6 1.8 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.3 0.029 ns ns
  3-Butenenitrile (C1:1.3; C2:1.4) 0.9 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 1.1 14.5 ± 5.5 13.4 ± 4.4 ns 0.032 ns
  (Z)-γ-Bisabolene (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 0.2 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.1 ns ns ns
  1,8-Anhydro-(E)-α-copaene-8-ol (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 1.5 ± 1.3 5.2 ± 2.5 4.2 ± 1.8 6.7 ± 1.0 ns ns ns
  (Z)-2-Hexenal (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 3.0 ± 3.0 9.3 ± 6.5 113.2 ± 31.0 38.3 ± 5.4 ns ns ns
  Caryophyllene (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 0.5 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 2.3 3.3 ± 1.5 3.8 ± 0.9 ns ns ns
  Hexanol (C1:1.2; C2:1.0) 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 ns ns ns
  β-Pinene (C1:1.2; C2:1.0) 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1
  α-Longipinene (C1:1.1; C2:1.1) 1.1 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 1.1 1.3 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1374 (C1:1.1; C2:1.1) 3.0 ± 0.7 5.4 ± 1.6 3.7 ± 0.5 5.6 ± 0.6 0.013 ns ns
  Allyl isothiocyanate (C1:1.0; C2:0.9) 58.0 ± 24.9 57.9 ± 19.5 281.3 ± 88.9 285.5 ± 65.9 ns 0.008 ns
S. arvensis n = 5 n = 5 n = 3 n = 4
  (E)-3-Hexenol (C1:1.6; C2:1.7) 4.4 ± 3.6 10.4 ± 3.7 9.0 ± 4.2 17.4 ± 2.3 ns ns ns
  (E)-3-Hexenyl acetate (C1:1.6; C2:1.7) 20.5 ± 15.8 29.2 ± 12.3 49.5 ± 29.9 75.3 ± 26.0 ns ns ns
  (Z)-2-Hexenal (C1:1.5; C2:1.4) 5.6 ± 4.5 7.5 ± 4.1 16.6 ± 9.1 23.2 ± 5.4 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1411 (C1:1.4; C2:1.3) 7.7 ± 3.4 13.1 ± 5.1 13.3 ± 6.5 16.8 ± 4.2 ns ns ns
  Caryophyllene (C1:1.4; C2:1.3) 3.0 ± 2.0 14.4 ± 8.5 5.0 ± 2.4 3.8 ± 1.0 ns ns ns
  1,8-Cineole (C1:1.2; C2:1.1) 8.8 ± 8.8 18.0 ± 11.5 11.2 ± 6.1 42.1 ± 21.9 ns ns ns
R. raphanistrum n = 3 n = 4 n = 4 n = 4
  Methyl sulfone (C1:1.6; C2:1.7) 9.3 ± 5.2 0.3 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 0.0 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1376 (C1:1.6; C2:1.4) 0.0 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.2 0.086 ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1416 (C1:1.4; C2:1.1) 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.7 1.9 ± 1.4 2.4 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.4; C2:1.2) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 1.2 6.2 ± 4.1 ns ns ns
  Caryophyllene (C1:1.3; C2:1.1) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.9 ns ns ns
  (E)-3-Hexenol (C1:1.3; C2:1.1) 3.8 ± 3.8 25.6 ± 14.9 23.5 ± 8.7 34.6 ± 15.6 ns ns ns
  Dehydroaromadendrene (C1:1.3; C2:1.2) 1.0 ± 1.0 5.5 ± 2.3 1.4 ± 0.8 5.4 ± 0.5 ns ns ns
  β-Pinene (C1:1.2; C2:1.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1386 (C1:1.2; C2:1.0) 0.3 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 ns ns ns
  Δ-3-Carene (C1:1.1; C2:1.7) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.082 ns ns
B. juncea n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5
  β-Pinene (C1:2.9; C2:1.7) 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.2 ns ns ns
  (Z)-2-Hexenal (C1:2.8; C2:1.6) 0.0 ± 0.0 8.8 ± 8.8 5.3 ± 5.3 7.7 ± 3.7 ns ns ns
  Tert-Butyl isothiocyanate (C1:1.4; C2:1.0) 12.5 ± 3.2 13.0 ± 3.6 15.7 ± 4.2 32.1 ± 14.2 ns 0.026 ns
  (E)-Ocimene (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 0.8 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 0.8 0.6 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 2.6 ns ns ns
  Benzonitrile (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 1.5 ± 0.8 0.9 ± 0.3 3.8 ± 1.7 0.5 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1436 (C1:1.2; C2:1.5) 0.4 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.6 0.6 ± 0.4 ns ns ns
  Allyl isothiocyanate (C1:1.2; C2:0.9) 3.1 ± 1.0 3.6 ± 0.8 6.1 ± 1.7 8.4 ± 3.7 ns 0.072 ns
  (E)-3-Hexenol (C1:1.1; C2:0.8) 4.3 ± 1.4 5.7 ± 1.6 41.4 ± 28.2 12.5 ± 3.5 0.062 0.003 0.039
  Δ-3-Carene (C1:1.1; C2:1.0) 2.3 ± 1.1 4.6 ± 1.8 3.4 ± 1.4 8.1 ± 6.0 ns ns ns
B. napus n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5
  β-Myrcene (C1:1.7; C2:1.2) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 1.3 6.7 ± 1.0 ns 0.006 ns
  (Z)-2-Hexenal (C1:1.5; C2:1.6) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 1.2 5.8 ± 2.4 ns ns ns
  1,8-Cineole (C1:1.4; C2:1.0) 0.4 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 6.7 ± 1.3 10.5 ± 4.6 ns 0.051 ns
  α-Selinene (C1:1.3; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 9.1 ± 3.7 5.6 ± 0.5 ns < 0.001 ns
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.3; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 176.9 ± 14.0 117.6 ± 36.2 ns < 0.001 ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1438 (C1:1.3; C2:1.0) 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.3 1.4 ± 0.6 ns < 0.001 ns
  (E,E)-α-Farnesene (C1:1.3; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 9.2 ± 2.4 4.6 ± 0.8 ns <0.001 ns
  α-Thujene (C1:1.2; C2:0.8) 0.2 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 4.8 ± 0.9 5.6 ± 0.7 ns 0.050 ns
  Menthol (C1:1.1; C2:1.2) 4.4 ± 2.9 2.1 ± 1.3 5.3 ± 5.3 0.0 ± 0.0 ns ns ns
  β-Pinene (C1:1.1; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 ns 0.030 ns
  Sesquiterpene RI 1506 (C1:1.1; C2:1.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.9 ± 0.8 1.7 ± 0.3 ns < 0.001 ns
  (E)-3-Hexenol (C1:1.0; C2:1.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 11.5 ± 2.4 9.5 ± 2.6 ns < 0.001 ns
S. alba n = 5 n = 4 n = 4 n = 5 n = 5
  Sabinene (C1:1.6; C2:1.4) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.5 3.4 ± 0.5 ns < 0.001 ns
  α-Pinene (C1:1.6; C2:1.7) 0.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.7 0.5 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.3 ns ns ns
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.5; C2:1.2) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.9 2.0 ± 0.8 ns 0.055 ns
  1,8-Cineole (C1:1.4; C2:1.2) 0.1 ± 0.1 5.2 ± 5.2 0.7 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.4 ns ns ns
  Germacrene-D (C1:1.4; C2:1.3) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 12.4 ± 2.9 16.4 ± 5.5 ns < 0.001 ns
  Hexanal (C1:1.1; C2:1.0) 0.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 0.7 17.1 ± 6.0 ns ns ns
  Methyl salicylate (C1:1.0; C2:0.9) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.9 1.8 ± 0.8 ns 0.050 ns
R. sativus n = 5 n = 4 n = 5 n = 4
  (Z)-β-ocimene (C1:2.0; C2:1.9) 2.9 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 1.2 ns ns ns
  β-Pinene (C1:1.7; C2:1.5) 0.0 ± 0.0 1.9 ± 0.9 2.6 ± 2.6 2.3 ± 1.0 ns ns ns
  (E)-DMNT (C1:1.5; C2:1.3) 0.0 ± .0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 8.3 ± 3.1 36.5 ± 9.5 ns ns ns
  Methyl isothiocyanate (C1:1.2; C2:1.1) 7.0 ± 2.3 4.0 ± 2.2 5.7 ± 0.8 4.9 ± 3.3 ns ns ns
  Limonene (C1:1.2; C2:1.2) 0.2 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.5 ns ns ns
  Δ-3-Carene (C1:1.1; C2:1.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.3 ns 0.099 ns