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. 2020 Jul 23;10:12298. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69195-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Leaf area loss (estimated marginal means + SE) measured from ecological samples (black bars) and from herbarium specimens (white bars) collected at the same time from the same localities (sample sizes are shown within bars). An asterisk indicates a significant (P < 0.05) difference between herbivory levels measured from these samples. Note the variation in the vertical scale.