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. 2020 Jul 23;11(7):560. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-02791-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Macroscopic appearance of the implantation sites on embryonic day (E)13. The pictures show the normal phenotype of Lgals3^+/+ (WT) compared to Lgals3^−/− (KO) dams, which exhibit resorbed fetuses (left panel, bar = 1 cm). Abortion rate (%) was calculated on E13 as follows: abortion rate = (fetal resorptions x 100)/total number of implantations (right panel, n = 19–24). b Fetal body weight (in grams) of E13 and E17 fetuses carried by Lgals3^+/+ (WT) or Lgals3^−/− (KO) dams (left panel, n = 13–21). Theiler stage developmental analysis on E13, upper arrows show that pinna is not turned forward and lower arrows show absence of separated fingers in KO fetuses (bar = 0.25 cm). On E17, upper arrows display fewer skin wrinkles, smaller whiskers, and lower arrows show that eyes are clearly visible through the eyelids in gal-3 KO fetuses (bar = 0.5 cm) (right panel). c Mean body weights of pups from Lgals3^+/+ and Lgals3^−/− dams. Reduced neonatal body weight was observed in Lgals3 KO offspring, which persisted until postnatal day (P)14 (n = 55–161). d E17 asymmetrical FGR as identified by fetal brain-to-liver weight ratio (n = 15–30). e Placental weight (mg) observed on E13 and E17 (left panel, n = 13–21). H&E histological analysis of E10 and E13 implantation sites shows an enlarged decidua in Lgals3^−/− mice (middle panel, bar = 500 μm). Isolectin B4 (IB4) analysis of placental depth related to the decidua was significantly lower in placentas of Lgals3 KO mice (right panel, n = 7–8). f Accumulation of mature NK cells (PAS⁺DBA⁺) were significantly elevated at E13 (left panel, bar = 500 μm, n = 15) and their perforin granules (arrows) were released in gal-3 deficient pregnancy (right panel, bar = 50 μm, n = 8–11). g Progesterone levels measured in E13 serum by ELISA (n = 5). h Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of decidual IFN-Ƴ, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-17 gene expression in Lgals3^+/+ (WT) and Lgals3^−/− (KO) dams at E7 (n = 4–9). In all figures, data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ^†P < 0.01, and ^‡P < 0.001 using two-tailed t test.