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. 2020 Jul 23;10:12280. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68923-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three modes of oviparity in catsharks, showing egg cases in oviduct. (a) Short single oviparity (Galeus sauteri from Taiwan, uncatalogued), (b) multiple oviparity (Halalelurus buergeri, 410 mm TL from Kagoshima, Japan, uncatalogued), (c) Sustained single oviparity (Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis), (c1) egg cases without developing embryo (NMMB-P30890, 80.0 mm ECL), (c2) egg cases with a developing embryo in each (NMMB-P 30888, 81.6 mm, 83.0 mm ECL). Top three photographs (a,b,c1) cover whole abdominal cavities, showing difference of relative sizes of egg cases in three modes of oviparity. Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis (c1) has huge egg cases occupying most of the abdominal cavity.