Table 1.
New definitions of oviparity and yolk-sac viviparity in lecithotrophic (yolk-dependent) cartilaginous fishes.
| Parity | Mode proposed | Definition | Order | Family | Genus and/or species | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVIPARITYa | Short single oviparity (syn. short, extended, external and simple oviparity) | One egg case per oviduct is kept for a short time, and is laid immediately before embryo develops | Carcharhiniformes | Pentanchidae | Apristurus, Asymbolus, Figaro, Haploblepharus, Holohalaelurus, Parmaturus | 1,2,37,39,56 |
| Bythaelurus bachi, B. canescens, B. dawsoni, B. naylori, B. vivaldi | 28,38,53 | |||||
| Galeus antilensis, G. arae, G. cadenati, G. eastmani, G. mincaronei, G. murinus, G. nipponensis, G.sauteri | 1,2,8,25,35,57 | |||||
| Scyliorhinidae | Atelomycterus, Cephaloscyllium (excluding C. sarawakensis and C. silasi), Poroderma, Schroederichthys, Scyliorhinus | 1,2,39 | ||||
| Proscylliidae | Proscyllium | 1,39,present paper | ||||
| Orectolobiformes | Parascylliidae | Cirrhoscyllium, Parascyllium | 4 | |||
| Hemiscylliidae | Chiloscyllium, Hemiscyllium | 4 | ||||
| Heterodontiformes | Heterodontidae | Heterodontus | 1,39,present paper | |||
| Rajiformes | All genera in Arhynchobatidae, Anacanthobatidae, Rajidae | 58 | ||||
| Chimaeriformes | all genera | |||||
| Sustained single oviparity | One egg case per oviduct is retained for a long time, and is laid after embryo grows large | Carcharhiniformes | Scyliorhinidae | Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis, C. silasi | 13,present paper | |
| Multiple oviparity (syn. retained oviparity) | Plural egg cases per oviduct are retained for a long time, and are laid after embryos grow large | Carcharhiniformes | Pentanchidae | Halaelurus boesemani, H. buergeri, H. lineatus, H. maculosus, H. natalensis, H. quagga, H. sellus | 1,25,33–35,59,60 | |
| Galeus atlanticus, G. melastomus, G. piperatus | 30,39,61 | |||||
| Orectolobiformes | Stegostomatidae | Stegostoma fasciatum | 4 | |||
| VIVIPARITYb | yolk-sac viviparity (single pregnancy) | One embryo per uterus is retained until delivery | Carcharhiniformes | Pentanchidae | Bythaelurus clevai, B. hispidus, B. lutarius, B. stewarti |
1 |
| Cephalurus cephalus | ||||||
| yolk-sac viviparity (multiple pregnancy) | Plural embryos per uterus are retained until delivery | Carcharhiniformes | Pentanchidae | Galeus polli | 1 |
aOviparous genus Aulohalaelurus (Scyliorhinidae, Carcharhiniformes) is excluded, because the mode is not determined yet.
bOnly catsharks are given.