Table 4.
Comparison of dietary parameters between tertiles for each dietary pattern.
| Home FoodDP | P trend | P value* T1vsT3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (n = 142) |
Tertile 2 (n = 144) |
Tertile 3 (n = 149) |
|||
| Energy (kcal) | 1490 ± 359 | 1564 ± 366 | 1519 ± 301 | 0.183 | > 0.999 |
| Energy (kcal/kg) | 24.6 ± 6.0 | 25.9 ± 7.4 | 25.0 ± 5.9 | 0.244 | > 0.999 |
| Total protein (g) | 48.7 (23.0) | 52.6 (21.9) | 54.2 (17.9) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Total protein (g/kg) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Animal protein (g) | 24.0 (22.0) | 26.7 (19.6) | 32.1 (16.7) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Plant protein (g) | 22.7 (11.2) | 23.9 (9.2) | 24.8 (9.6) | 0.474 | – |
| Total phosphate (mg) | 625 (284) | 632 (328) | 648 (237) | 0.206 | – |
| Animal organic phosphate (mg) | 196 (201) | 251 (186) | 282 (198) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Plant organic phosphate (mg) | 262 (183) | 273 (161) | 274 (133) | 0.247 | – |
| Inorganic phosphate (mg) | 89 (147) | 91 (148) | 67 (108) | 0.026 | 0.055 |
| Phosphate to protein ratio (mg/g) | 12.1 (4.1) | 12.2 (3.3) | 11.9 (2.9) | 0.249 | – |
| Total fluid (ml) | 1177 (730) | 1258 (966) | 1336 (776) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Dietary monotony index | 30 (13) | 30 (11) | 29 (13) | 0.803 | – |
| Eating out frequency (per week) | 8 (10) | 9 (11) | 7 (10) | 0.027 | > 0.999 |
| Sugar Sweetened BeveragesDP | P trend | P value* T1vsT3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (n = 145) |
Tertile 2 (n = 145) |
Tertile 3 (n = 145) |
|||
| Energy (kcal) | 1431 ± 334 | 1491 ± 332 | 1651 ± 328 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Energy (kcal/kg) | 23.5 ± 5.9 | 25.6 ± 6.8 | 26.5 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Total protein (g) | 53.3 (20.6) | 51.5 (22.3) | 51.1 (21.2) | 0.583 | – |
| Total protein (g/kg) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.525 | – |
| Animal protein (g) | 29.9 (22.0) | 27.7 (19.7) | 27.4 (17.0) | 0.411 | – |
| Plant protein (g) | 22.7 (10.4) | 24.4 (9.6) | 24.3 (11.2) | 0.233 | – |
| Total phosphate (mg) | 604 (263) | 639 (290) | 683 (278) | 0.168 | – |
| Animal organic phosphate (mg) | 230 (230) | 242 (217) | 237 (195) | 0.670 | – |
| Plant organic phosphate (mg) | 264 (163) | 274 (156) | 270 (157) | 0.595 | – |
| Inorganic phosphate (mg) | 63 (106) | 64 (116) | 128 (167) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphate to protein ratio (mg/g) | 11.4 (3.5) | 12.0 (3.1) | 12.7 (3.2) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Total fluid (ml) | 1183 (1032) | 1173 (632) | 1350 (795) | < 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Dietary monotony index | 28 (10) | 30 (15) | 30 (10) | 0.411 | – |
| Eating out frequency (per week) | 7 (10) | 7 (10) | 10 (9) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Eating-out NoodleDP | P trend | P value* T1vsT3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 202) |
T2 (n = 116) |
T3 (n = 117) |
|||
| Energy (kcal) | 1491 ± 360 | 1549 ± 323 | 1557 ± 331 | 0.166 | 0.293 |
| Energy (kcal/kg) | 23.9 ± 6.7 | 26.6 ± 6.4 | 25.8 ± 5.9 | 0.001 | 0.033 |
| Total protein (g) | 49.1 (20.1) | 53.9 (15.6) | 53.1 (27.2) | 0.016 | 0.062 |
| Total protein (g/kg) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Animal protein (g) | 26.9 (18.8) | 30.0 (17.4) | 28.0 (24.4) | 0.476 | – |
| Plant protein (g) | 22.1 (9.9) | 23.2 (10.6) | 26.1 (9.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Total phosphate (mg) | 634 (264) | 634 (257) | 638 (327) | 0.847 | – |
| Animal organic phosphate (mg) | 238 (215) | 248 (167) | 226 (241) | 0.517 | – |
| Plant organic phosphate (mg) | 253 (169) | 273 (169) | 289 (150) | 0.390 | – |
| Inorganic phosphate (mg) | 77 (149) | 85 (151) | 79 (106) | 0.725 | – |
| Phosphate to protein ratio (mg/g) | 12.4 (3.6) | 12.1 (2.9) | 11.4 (3.1) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Total fluid (ml) | 1347 (1007) | 1209 (833) | 1222 (571) | 0.207 | – |
| Dietary monotony index | 30 (11) | 28 (9) | 31 (13) | 0.044 | 0.851 |
| Eating out frequency (per week) | 8 (10) | 8 (9) | 9 (10) | 0.011 | 0.009 |
Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with interquartile range (IQR). Bold values denote statistical significance at p-value < 0.05.
*Significance values had been adjusted for multiple tests.
“–” The Dunn’s post hoc test was not performed if the overall test was not significant.
T1 tertile 1, T2 tertile 2, T3 tertile 3.