Table 1. Table 1 Clinical characteristics of pregnant women enrolled in the study.

	GDM (n=305)	Control (n=1216)	P
Maternal age (years)	32.13 ± 3.04	32.13 ± 3.04	0.985
Height (m)	1.63 ± 0.04	1.63 ± 0.05	0.303
Weight (kg)	60.4 ± 7.24	59.8 ± 7.63	0.195
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.85 ± 3.06	22.69 ± 3.08	0.417
Gravida	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	0.370
Parity	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	0.994
Family history of diabetes	20 (7%)	64 (5%)	0.376
Triglyceride (mg/dl)*	232.53 ± 61.48	223.83 ± 62.16	0.029
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)*	241.06 ± 29.44	236.87 ± 30.67	0.032
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)*	67.98 ± 8.93	69.18 ± 7.09	0.013
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)*	129.35 ± 22.02	131.44 ± 22.19	0.141

BMI, body mass index.

Maternal age, height, weight, and pre-pregnancy BMI were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.

Gravida and parity were expressed as the median and interquartile ranges (interquartile ranges: the range of values lying between 25th and 75th centiles.

^*: test from each participant before 19 weeks + 6 days.