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. 2020 Jul 16;11:1230. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01230

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Copyright © 2020 Layre.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trafficking of M. tuberculosis factors within vesicles and their immunomodulatory properties. Mycobacteria release bacterial membrane vesicles (BMV) in broth culture and within infected cells. It has been proposed that BMV are released from infected cells through exocytosis. Bacterial material released from the mycobacterial phagosome traffics toward multivesicular endosomes (MVE) and the plasma membrane and is released within host extracellular vesicles (HEV), including exosomes and microvesicles. BMV and HEV containing mycobacterial material are capable to modulate many arms of the host immune response.