Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Total (n = 484) | Men (n = 224) | Women (n = 260) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65 ± 15 | 65 ± 15 | 65 ± 15 | 0.910 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 22.9 ± 4.1 | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.1 ± 11.1 | 86.8 ± 10.6 | 83.6 ± 11.2 | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 21 | 137 ± 18 | 138 ± 23 | 0.536 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 | 76 ± 11 | 0.144 |
| Smoking habit | 75 (15.5) | 50 (22.3) | 25 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking habit | 200 (41.3) | 129 (57.6) | 71 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| Disease | ||||
| Hypertension | 276 (57.0) | 129 (57.6) | 147 (56.5) | 0.816 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 59 (12.2) | 34 (15.2) | 25 (9.6) | 0.062 |
| Dyslipidemia | 265 (54.8) | 120 (53.6) | 145 (55.8) | 0.628 |
| Hyperuricemia | 59 (12.2) | 51 (22.8) | 8 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 171 (35.3) | 80 (35.7) | 91 (35.0) | 0.870 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 47 (9.7) | 27 (12.1) | 20 (7.7) | 0.106 |
| Antidyslipidemic drugs | 103 (21.3) | 39 (17.4) | 64 (24.6) | 0.054 |
| Antihyperuricemic drugs | 14 (2.9) | 12 (5.4) | 2 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| Biochemical data | ||||
| AST (IU/L) | 24 (21–28) | 25 (21–30) | 23 (20–26) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 19 (15–25) | 23 (17–30) | 17 (14–22) | <0.001 |
| γGTP (IU/L) | 22 (16–34) | 28 (20–42) | 18 (15–26) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16 ± 5 | 17 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67 ± 14 | 69 ± 16 | 66 ± 13 | 0.052 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 207 ± 36 | 199 ± 34 | 214 ± 36 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119 ± 29 | 115 ± 29 | 123 ± 29 | 0.002 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 65 ± 19 | 59 ± 16 | 71 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91 (67–122) | 95 (68–134) | 88 (64–109) | 0.006 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 95 (88–104) | 98 (90–108) | 93 (87–101) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 4.9 (3.3–7.0) | 4.9 (3.3–7.5) | 4.9 (3.4–6.9) | 0.707 |
| HOMA‐IR | 0.39 (0.29–0.51) | 0.40 (0.30–0.52) | 0.38 (0.28–0.48) | 0.110 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (5.3–5.9) | 5.6 (5.4–6.0) | 5.6 (5.3–5.8) | 0.082 |
| Hypoxanthine (µmol/L) | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 0.003 |
| Xanthine (µmol/L) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | <0.001 |
| XOR activity (pmol/h/mL plasma) | 38.0 (25.2–67.8) | 46.4 (29.6–88.6) | 32.4 (22.6–54.8) | <0.001 |
Variables are expressed as number (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
γGTP, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase.