Table 2.
Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models for the incidence of diabetic retinopathy
| HR (95%CI) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|
| 1–2h‐PBLBG group events/patients | 145/487 | |
| Model 1 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 0.007 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.94 (1.51–2.49) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) | 0.008 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.85 (1.43–2.39) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.08 (1.01–1.17) | 0.033 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.70 (1.28–2.26) | 0.0003 |
| 1–2h‐PBBG group events/patients | 92/323 | |
| Model 4 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.029 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 2.22 (1.57–3.13) | <0.0001 |
| Model 5 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.031 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 2.19 (1.54–3.10) | <0.0001 |
| Model 6 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PBBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 0.047 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.73 (1.17–2.56) | 0.006 |
| 1–2h‐PLBG group events/patients | 126/406 | |
| Model 7 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.007 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.94 (1.51–2.49) | <0.0001 |
| Model 8 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.007 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.88 (1.46–2.44) | <0.0001 |
| Model 9 | ||
| Mean 1–2h‐PLBG (1 mmol/L) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.026 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 1.71 (1.29–2.29) | 0.0002 |
Intrapersonal mean values during the 2‐year period from the first visit were used as baseline data. Model 1 included the number of 1–2 h post‐breakfast and post‐lunch blood glucose (1–2h‐PBLBG) measurements (ln‐transformed), age, sex, duration of diabetes, mean systolic blood pressure and hypoglycemia as covariates. Hypoglycemia was defined as the presence of fasting or casual blood glucose levels <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) at least once during the 2‐year period from the first visit. Model 2 included mean body mass index, mean total cholesterol‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and ever smoking in addition to model 1. Model 3 included use of oral antidiabetic agents, insulin, antihypertensive agents and lipid‐lowering agents in addition to model 2. Models 4–6 included the number of 1–2 h post‐breakfast blood glucose (1–2h‐PBBG) measurements (ln‐transformed) instead of the number of 1–2h‐PBLBG measurements (ln‐transformed) in models 1–3. Models 7–9 included the number of 1–2 h post‐lunch blood glucose (1–2h‐PLBG) measurements (ln‐transformed) instead of the number of 1–2h‐PBLBG measurements (ln‐transformed) in models 1–3. CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio.