Table 1.
Major polyphenolic compounds, basic skeleton thereof and some examples isolated from different Fagopyrum species. (Dziedzic et al., 2018, Gorniak et al., 2019, Jing et al., 2016; Karamac et al., 2015; Lv et al., 2017, Martin-Garcia et al., 2019, Matsui and Walker, 2019, Melini et al., 2020, Park et al., 2019, Wajid et al., 2015, Zhu, 2019).
| Compounds Name | Basic skeleton | Examples | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flavinoids | |||
| Flavonols |  |
Rutin | Fc, Fe, Fh, Ft |
| Kaempferol | Fc, Ft | ||
| Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | Ft | ||
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | Ft | ||
| Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | Ft | ||
| Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside | Fe | ||
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucoside | Fe | ||
| Myricetin | Fe | ||
| Quercetin | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Isoquercetin | Fc, Fe | ||
| Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) | Fc, Ft | ||
| Isoquercitrin | Fe | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-[β-d-xyloxyl-(1–2)-α-l-rhamnoside] | Ft | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside | Fc, Ft | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-galactoside | Ft | ||
| Rhamnetin | Fc | ||
| Flavones |  |
Luteolin | Fc |
| Vitexin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Isovitexin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Orientin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Isoorientin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Homoorientin | Fe | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-3′-O-glucoside | Ft | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-galactoside | Ft | ||
| 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-7-hydroxy-6-isopentenyl flavone | Fc | ||
| Flavanones |  |
Hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) | Fe, Ft |
| Hesperetin 7-O-neohesperidoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Hesperetin O-hexosyl-O-hexoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Hesperetin 5-O-glucoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Hesperetin O-malonylhexoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Naringenin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Naringenin chalcone | Fe, Ft | ||
| Naringenin O-malonylhexoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Naringenin 7-O-glucoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Phloretin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Homoeriodictyol | Fe, Ft | ||
| Hesperetin | Fc | ||
| (-)-Liquiritigenin | Ft | ||
| Flavanols/Flavan-3-ols |  |
Catechin | Fc, Fe, Fh |
| (+)-catechin-7-O-glucoside | Fe | ||
| Catechin hydrate | Ft | ||
| Epicatechin | Fc, Fe, Fh, Ft | ||
| Epicatechin-3-O-(3,4-di-O-methyl)-gallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| (–)-epicatechin-3-O-p-hydroxybenzoate | Fe | ||
| Epigallocatechin | Ft | ||
| Epicatechingallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–6)-epicatechin | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epicatechin-p-OH-benzoate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epicatechin-methylgallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epicatechin(4–8)-epicatechin-O-(3,4-dimethyl)-gallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epicatechin(3,4-dimethyl)-gallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epicatechin | Fe | ||
| Epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epiafzelechin-(4–8)-epicatechin-O-(3,4-dimethyl)-gallate | Fe, Fh | ||
| Anthocyanins |  |
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | Fe, Ft |
| Cyaniding 3-O-rutinoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside | Fe | ||
| Cyanidin 3-O-galactopyranosyl-rhamnoside | Fe | ||
| Fagopyrins |  |
Fagopyrin A | Fc, Fe, Ft |
| Fagopyrin B | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Fagopyrin C | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Fagopyrin D | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Fagopyrin E | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Fagopyrin F | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Proanthocyanidins |  |
Procyanidin A1 | Fe, Fh |
| Procyanidin A2 | Fe, Ft | ||
| Procyanidin A3 | Fe, Ft | ||
| Procyanidin B2 | Fe, Ft | ||
| Procyanidin B3 | Fe, Ft | ||
| Procyanidin B5 | Fe, Fh | ||
| Procyanidin C1 | Fc | ||
| Isoflavones |  |
6-hydroxydaidzein | Fe, Ft |
| 2′-hydroxydaidzein | Fe, Ft | ||
| Sissotrin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Formononetin (4′-O-methyldaidzein) | Fe, Ft | ||
| Glycitin | Fe, Ft | ||
| Genistein 7-O-glucoside (genistin) | Fe, Ft | ||
| Formononetin 7-O-glucoside (Ononin) | Fe, Ft | ||
| Flavonolignan |  |
Tricin 4′-O-(β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether O-hexoside | Fe, Ft |
| Tricin 7-O-β-guaiacylglycerol | Fe, Ft | ||
| Tricin 4′-O-β-guaiacylglycerol | Fe, Ft | ||
| Tricin 4′-O-syringic acid | Fe, Ft | ||
| Tricin 4′-O-(syringyl alcohol) ether 5-O-hexoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Tricin 4′-O-(syringyl alcohol) ether 7-O-hexoside | Fe, Ft | ||
| Phenolic acids and their derivatives | |||
| Hydroxybenzoic acids |  |
Benzoic acid | Fc |
| Gallic acid | Fc, Ft | ||
| 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | Ft | ||
| P-hydroxybenzoic acid | Fc | ||
| P-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | Ft | ||
| Vanillic acid | Ft | ||
| Protocatechuic acid | Fc, Fe, Ft | ||
| Syringic acid | Ft | ||
| Hydroxycinnamic acids |  |
P-coumaric acid | Ft |
| O-coumaric acid | Ft | ||
| Caffeic acid | Ft | ||
| Ferulic acid | Ft | ||
| 2,4-dihyroxycinnamic acid | Ft | ||
| Chlorogenic acid | Fe, Ft | ||
| Stilbenes | |||
 |
Resveratrol | Fe, Ft | |
| Steroids | |||
 |
Hecogenin | Fc | |
| Β-sitosterol | Fc, Ft | ||
| Β-sitosterol palmitate | Ft | ||
| Ergosterol peroxide | Ft | ||
| Daucosterol | Ft | ||
| Β-daucosterol | Fc | ||
| 6-hydroxy stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one | Fe | ||
| 23S-methylcholesterol | Fe | ||
| Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | Fe | ||
| Stigmast-5,24-dien-3-ol | Fe | ||
| Trans-stigmast-5,22-dien-3-ol | Fe | ||
| Stigmsat-4-ene-3,6-dione | Ft | ||
| Triterpenoids | |||
 |
Ursolic acid | Fc, Ft | |
| Olean-12-en-3-ol | Fe | ||
| Urs-12-en-3-ol | Fe | ||
| Α-thujene | Ft | ||
| Α-terpineol | Ft | ||
| Glutinone | Fc | ||
| Glutinol | Fc | ||
| Tannins | |||
 |
3,3-di-O-galloyl-procyanidin B-2 | Fc | |
| 3-O-galloyl-procyanidin B-2 | Fc | ||
| Phenylpropanoid glycosides | |||
 |
Tatarisides A | Ft | |
| Tatarisides B | Ft | ||
| Tatarisides C | Ft | ||
| Tatarisides D | Ft | ||
| Tatarisides E | Ft | ||
| Tatarisides F | Ft | ||
| Tatarisides G | Ft | ||
| Diboside A | Fc, Ft | ||
| Lapathoside A | Fc | ||
| 3,6-di-p-coumaroyl-1,6′-di-feruloyl sucrose | Ft | ||
| 1,3,6′-tri-feruloyl-6-p-coumaroyl sucrose | Ft | ||
| 1,3,6-tri-p-coumaroyl-6′-feruloyl sucrose | Ft | ||
| 1,3,6,6′-tetra-feruloyl sucrose | Ft | ||
Abbreviations: Fc, Fe, Fh, Ft = Fagopyrum cymosum (F. dibotrys), Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagopyrum homotropicum and Fagopyrum tataricum, respectively.