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. 2020 Jul 24;335:127653. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127653

Table 2.

Name of various methods used by different researchers to detect the bioactive compounds present in buckwheat.

Category Compounds Detection Methods References
Flavonoids Isoquercetin, quercetin, and Rutin HPLC Gabr et al., 2019, Ge and Wang, 2020, Kalinova et al., 2019
HPLC–ESI–MS and HPLC–UV Park et al. (2019)
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
HPLC–MS Martin-Garcia et al. (2019)
Hyperoside and quercetin RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
HPLC Kalinova et al. (2019)
Procyanidin B2 RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
HPLC–MS Martin-Garcia et al. (2019)
HPLC Kalinova et al. (2019)
Luteolin RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
Kaempferol RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
HPLC Gabr et al. (2019)
Catechin RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
Catechin and epicatechin HPLC–PAD and LIT–FTICR-MS Zhu (2016)
Catechin, epicatechin, and epiafzelchin HPLC–MS Martin-Garcia et al. (2019)
Catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate HPLC Kalinova et al. (2019)
Fagopyrin A to fagopyrin F RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS and NMRS Joshi et al. (2020)
Isovitexin and Vitexin RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
HPLC Kalinova et al. (2019)
Isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, and vitexin HPLC Kalinova et al., 2019, Nam et al., 2018
HPLC–ESI–MS, HPLC–UV Park et al. (2019)
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
HPLC–MS Martin-Garcia et al. (2019)
Anthocyanins Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-O-syringic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucosyl-malonylglucoside, peonidin, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinocide UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Li et al. (2019a)
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinocide HPLC-ESI-MS Zhu (2016)
Anthraquinones Aloe-emodin, aurantio-obtusin, chryso-phanol, emodin, rhein, and physcion HPLC–DAD and UPLC–DAD Zhu (2016)
Phenolic acids Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, isovanilic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS Dziedzic et al. (2018)
Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acids HPLC, MS, and NMRS Zhu (2016)
Vanillic acid, vanillin, and protocatechuic acid HPLC Kalinova et al. (2019)
Stilbene Resveratrol HPLC Zhu (2016)
Fagopyrins Fagopyrin A–F NMRS and MS Joshi et al, (2020)
HPLC-UV–vis photometry Zhu (2016)
Fagopyritol Fagopyritol A1 and B1 GC–MS and NMRS Wu, Wang, Qiu, & Li (2018)
Steroids β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol palmitate, daucosterol, ergosterol peroxide, stigmsat-4-en-3,6-dione, stigmast-5-en-3-ol Capillary GC/MS Zhu (2016)
Triterpenoids Glutinone, glutinol, olean-12-en-3-ol and urs-12-an-3-ol Capillary GC/MS Jing et al. (2016)
Phenylpropanoid glycosides Diboside A and tatarisides A–G HPLC–PDA/LTQ-FTICR-MS, NMRS, and MS Zhu (2016)
Proteins Amino acid compositions HPLC Tien et al. (2018)
Carbohydrates Polysaccharides and monosaccharides IRS, GC, GC–MS, NMRS, and HPLC Ji et al. (2019)
d-chiro-inositol HPLC- ELSDs Zhu (2016)
Fatty acids Fatty acid compositions GC Sinkovic et al. (2020)
Free fatty acid compositions GLC Tien et al. (2018)
Vitamins Vitamins B1, B6, and C HPLC Kim, Kim, & Park (2004)
Carotenoids Lutein and β-carotene HPLC-UV-HG-AFS Tuan, Thwe, Kim, Kim, Lee, & Park (2013)

Abbreviations:HPLC–High-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-ESI-MS–High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV–High-performance liquid chromatography-UV analyses; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS–Ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry system; HPLC-MS–High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; RP-UHPLC-ESI-MS–Reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-PAD–High performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detector; LIT-FTICR-MS–Linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometry; NMRS–Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPLC-DAD–High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector; UPLC–DAD- Ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector; MS–Mass spectrometry; GC–MS–Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-PDA/LTQ-FTICR-MS–High performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array detector/linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometry; IRS–Infrared spectroscopy; GC–Gas chromatography; HPLC-ELSDs–High-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detectors; GLC–Gas-liquid chromatography; HPLC-UV-HG-AFS–High performance liquid chromatography-UV irradiation-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry.