Table 2.
Category | Compounds | Detection Methods | References |
---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids | Isoquercetin, quercetin, and Rutin | HPLC | Gabr et al., 2019, Ge and Wang, 2020, Kalinova et al., 2019 |
HPLC–ESI–MS and HPLC–UV | Park et al. (2019) | ||
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) | ||
HPLC–MS | Martin-Garcia et al. (2019) | ||
Hyperoside and quercetin | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) | ||
HPLC | Kalinova et al. (2019) | ||
Procyanidin B2 | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
HPLC–MS | Martin-Garcia et al. (2019) | ||
HPLC | Kalinova et al. (2019) | ||
Luteolin | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
Kaempferol | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) | ||
HPLC | Gabr et al. (2019) | ||
Catechin | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
Catechin and epicatechin | HPLC–PAD and LIT–FTICR-MS | Zhu (2016) | |
Catechin, epicatechin, and epiafzelchin | HPLC–MS | Martin-Garcia et al. (2019) | |
Catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate | HPLC | Kalinova et al. (2019) | |
Fagopyrin A to fagopyrin F | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS and NMRS | Joshi et al. (2020) | |
Isovitexin and Vitexin | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) | |
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) | ||
HPLC | Kalinova et al. (2019) | ||
Isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, and vitexin | HPLC | Kalinova et al., 2019, Nam et al., 2018 | |
HPLC–ESI–MS, HPLC–UV | Park et al. (2019) | ||
UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) | ||
HPLC–MS | Martin-Garcia et al. (2019) | ||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-O-syringic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucosyl-malonylglucoside, peonidin, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinocide | UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Li et al. (2019a) |
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinocide | HPLC-ESI-MS | Zhu (2016) | |
Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin, aurantio-obtusin, chryso-phanol, emodin, rhein, and physcion | HPLC–DAD and UPLC–DAD | Zhu (2016) |
Phenolic acids | Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, isovanilic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids | RP–UHPLC–ESI-MS | Dziedzic et al. (2018) |
Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acids | HPLC, MS, and NMRS | Zhu (2016) | |
Vanillic acid, vanillin, and protocatechuic acid | HPLC | Kalinova et al. (2019) | |
Stilbene | Resveratrol | HPLC | Zhu (2016) |
Fagopyrins | Fagopyrin A–F | NMRS and MS | Joshi et al, (2020) |
HPLC-UV–vis photometry | Zhu (2016) | ||
Fagopyritol | Fagopyritol A1 and B1 | GC–MS and NMRS | Wu, Wang, Qiu, & Li (2018) |
Steroids | β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol palmitate, daucosterol, ergosterol peroxide, stigmsat-4-en-3,6-dione, stigmast-5-en-3-ol | Capillary GC/MS | Zhu (2016) |
Triterpenoids | Glutinone, glutinol, olean-12-en-3-ol and urs-12-an-3-ol | Capillary GC/MS | Jing et al. (2016) |
Phenylpropanoid glycosides | Diboside A and tatarisides A–G | HPLC–PDA/LTQ-FTICR-MS, NMRS, and MS | Zhu (2016) |
Proteins | Amino acid compositions | HPLC | Tien et al. (2018) |
Carbohydrates | Polysaccharides and monosaccharides | IRS, GC, GC–MS, NMRS, and HPLC | Ji et al. (2019) |
d-chiro-inositol | HPLC- ELSDs | Zhu (2016) | |
Fatty acids | Fatty acid compositions | GC | Sinkovic et al. (2020) |
Free fatty acid compositions | GLC | Tien et al. (2018) | |
Vitamins | Vitamins B1, B6, and C | HPLC | Kim, Kim, & Park (2004) |
Carotenoids | Lutein and β-carotene | HPLC-UV-HG-AFS | Tuan, Thwe, Kim, Kim, Lee, & Park (2013) |
Abbreviations:HPLC–High-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-ESI-MS–High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV–High-performance liquid chromatography-UV analyses; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS–Ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry system; HPLC-MS–High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; RP-UHPLC-ESI-MS–Reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-PAD–High performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detector; LIT-FTICR-MS–Linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometry; NMRS–Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPLC-DAD–High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector; UPLC–DAD- Ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector; MS–Mass spectrometry; GC–MS–Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-PDA/LTQ-FTICR-MS–High performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array detector/linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometry; IRS–Infrared spectroscopy; GC–Gas chromatography; HPLC-ELSDs–High-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detectors; GLC–Gas-liquid chromatography; HPLC-UV-HG-AFS–High performance liquid chromatography-UV irradiation-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry.